The sociology of the danwei: the chinese hospital     

Madsen R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1984,226(4681):1411-1412

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Environmental assessment tools for the evaluation and improvement of European livestock production systems   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Niels Halberg  Hayo M.G. van der Werf  Randi Dalgaard 《Livestock Production Science》2005,96(1):33-50

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Responses of surface SOC to long‐term experimental warming vary between different heath types in the high Arctic tundra     

Ji Young Jung  Anders Michelsen  Mincheol Kim  Sungjin Nam  Niels M. Schmidt  Sujeong Jeong  Yong‐Hoe Choe  Bang Yong Lee  Ho Il Yoon  Yoo Kyung Lee 《European Journal of Soil Science》2020,71(4):752-767

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Maternal-fetal utilization of copper by sheep     

B R Moss  F Madsen  S L Hansard  C T Gamble 《Journal of animal science》1974,38(2):475-479

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Dietary calcium-phosphorus ratios for growing pigs in relation to serum levels and bone development     

N C Nielsen  S Andersen  A Madsen  H P Mortensen 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》1971,12(2):202-219

Two experiments comprising a total of 80 Danish Landrace pigs in the period 20–90 kg live-weight were carried out to study the effect of dietary levels and ratios of Ca and P on serum values of Ca, inorg. P, and alkaline phosphatase and on the development of degenerative arthritis and atrophic rhinitis.In both experiments each kg feed (Table 1) was supplemented with 600 i. u. vitamin D₃ and 80 p. p. m. Zn.In the first experiment the Ca:P ratio was 1.2 and the amount of Ca increased from 0.48 % to 1.20 % without influencing daily gain, feed conversion, carcass performance (Table 2) or frequency of atrophic rhinitis (Table 3). The Ca:P ratio in scapula was 2.15. Only when the diet was supplemented with 1.20 % Ga and 1.00 % P the bone quality was histomorphologically adequate (Figs. 1–4).In the second experiment various Ca:P ratios (ranging from 0.1 to 3.0) were compared with the recommended level and ratio of 0.72 % Ga and 0.60 % P. Performance of pigs on the normal level was better than for the other pigs (Table 4). Clinically, various degrees of leg-weakness and -deformation occurred, most pronounced in the high Ca — low P group. Very little lameness and no convulsions were observed. Marked hypocalcemia was not found. Unilateral high Ca intake increased serum Ca significantly, and serum alkaline phosphatase slightly, and decreased serum P (Figs. 5–7). Advanced pericytic osteolysis, poor mineralization and generalized osteodystrophia fibrosa were found in the low Ca groups (Figs. 8–13). The groups showed no differences in frequency of atrophic rhinitis (Table 5), and rickets was not observed.The incidence of degenerative joint lesions was not increased in pigs on the unfavourable Ca:P ratios, and depended apparently more on litters than on diets.  相似文献   

16alpha-Bromo-epiandrosterone therapy modulates experimental feline immunodeficiency virus viremia: initial enhancement leading to long-term suppression     

Pedersen NC  North TW  Rigg R  Reading C  Higgins J  Leutenegger C  Henderson GL 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2003,94(3-4):133-148

16alpha-Bromo-epiandrosterone (epiBr), a synthetic derivative of the natural hormone dehyroepiandrosterone (DHEA), was evaluated for its effects on feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in experimental cats. The rationale for this study was based on the ability of DHEA to significantly reduce the mortality to viral infections in mice. DHEA and epiBr also have demonstrable in vitro anti-viral activity for both HIV-1 and FIV. Preliminary pharmacokinetic studies in cats demonstrated that subcutaneously injected epiBr was rapidly absorbed, completely metabolized, and nontoxic. Metabolites were excreted in both urine and feces, with the latter having the most complex pattern of breakdown products. Cats were then divided into four groups; two groups were infected with FIV and two uninfected. Two groups, one infected and one uninfected were treated on 5 consecutive days of weeks 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 with epiBr. The remaining two groups were mock treated with the drug vehicle alone. Treatment started 1 week prior to infection and extended for 4 weeks after infection. Cats were observed for 20 weeks post-FIV infection. Infected cats had identical decreases in blood neutrophil and lymphocyte counts following, regardless of whether they were treated with epiBr or vehicle alone. The CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio was decreased following FIV exposure, but was significantly more decreased for the epiBr treated animals from week 2 post-infection onward. CD4+ T cells were decreased in FIV-infected cats treated with epiBr compared to their untreated cohort, while CD8+ T cells tended to be higher in treated animals. FIV infected cats that were treated with epiBr had over one-log higher virus loads at week 2 post-infection than non-epiBr treated cohorts. In spite of this enhanced initial viremia, the subsequent levels of virus in the blood were significantly lower in epiBr treated versus untreated animals. EpiBr treated cats had significantly higher FIV-p24 antibody responses than control cats receiving vehicle alone, although primary and secondary antibody responses to a T-cell dependent non-FIV antigen, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), were unaffected. EpiBr treatment significantly decreased the expected FIV-induced suppression of IL-12 p40 mRNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) observed at weeks 4, 5, 8, 9 and 16 post-infection, but had no influence on FIV-induced changes in IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-gamma, MIP-1alpha and RANTES.  相似文献   

A Bayesian approach to the accuracy of clinical observations     

Baadsgaard NP  Jørgensen E 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2003,59(4):189-206

The accuracy of clinical observations was estimated using Bayesian latent-class models with two or more independent tests. Four veterinarians carried out systematic independent clinical examinations on 155 pigs in three herds. Based on the results of binary recordings of clinical observations on dullness, poor body condition (PBC), skin lesions, lameness, respiratory disease, and diarrhea, a latent disease state for each clinical disease was estimated using Gibbs sampling.

The accuracy of the clinical observations differed for the four observers and for different clinical signs. Population parameters were estimated from a Bayesian hierarchical model, and the accuracy of a random observer was calculated. We concluded that the accuracy of the veterinarians in this study substantiated the need to pursue more-precise definitions of the clinical findings and that larger sample sizes would be needed to provide reasonable variance estimates. Finally, we concluded that the uncertainty in the clinical decision-making process (starting with the clinical examination) needs to be represented fully.  相似文献   

In vivo cytokine response to experimental feline infectious peritonitis virus infection     

Dean GA  Olivry T  Stanton C  Pedersen NC 《Veterinary microbiology》2003,97(1-2):1-12

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Comparisons of sampling procedures and time of sampling for the detection of Salmonella in Danish infected chicken flocks raised in floor systems     

Gradel KO  Andersen J  Madsen M 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2002,43(1):21-30

Bacteriological follow-up samples were taken from 41 chicken (Gallus gallus) flocks in floor systems, where Salmonella enterica (Salmonella) had been detected either directly in bacteriological samples or indirectly by serological samples. Three types of follow-up samples were compared to each other within each flock: 1) 5 pairs of socks, analysed as 5 samples, 2) 2 pairs of socks, analysed as one sample, and 3) 60 faecal samples, analysed as one pooled sample. Agreement between sampling methods was evaluated by the following statistical tests: 'Kappa', 'The adjusted rand', McNemar's test for marginal symmetry, Proportion of agreement P0, P+, P-, and Odds Ratio. The highest agreement was found between the 2 types of sock sampling, while the lowest agreement was found by comparing 60 faecal samples with 5 pairs of socks. Two pairs of socks analysed as one pool appeared to be just as effective in detecting S. enterica as the 60 faecal samples. In broiler flocks, 5 pairs of socks were used both in the routine samples taken at about 3 weeks of age for the establishment of infection of the flock, and as one of the follow-up samples taken shortly before slaughter age, which means that the only notable differences between the 2 sampling rounds were the age of the broilers and of their litter. S. enterica was detected more frequently in samples from broilers about 3 weeks old, than in similar samples taken from broilers a few days prior to slaughter at ca. 33-40 days of age.  相似文献   

Antimicrobial susceptibility and presence of resistance genes in staphylococci from poultry     

Aarestrup FM  AgersŁ Y  Ahrens P  JŁrgensen JC  Madsen M  Jensen LB 《Veterinary microbiology》2000,74(4):353-364

The species distribution, susceptibility to 19 antimicrobial agents and presence of selected genes encoding resistance to macrolides, streptogramins and tetracyclines were examined among 118 staphylococcal isolates from infections of poultry in Denmark. Isolates were identified using a combination of conventional biochemical testing and 16S rDNA sequencing. The most common species were Staphylococcus aureus (83), Staphylococcus hyicus (11), Staphylococcus xylosus (9) and Staphylococcus cohnii (6). The isolates were susceptible to most antimicrobials tested. A high frequency of S. aureus (30%) was resistant to ciprofloxacin. Only six (7%) S. aureus isolates and one Staphylococcus saprophyticus were penicillin resistant. Resistance to sulphamethoxazole was observed among 16 (19%) of S. aureus isolates and two coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS). Twenty (24%) of the S. aureus isolates were resistant to erythromycin and 19 of these isolates contained the ermA gene, whereas the remaining isolate contained the ermC gene. Eleven (48%) of the novobiocin resistant CNS were resistant to erythromycin and all these isolates contained the ermA gene. Two isolates identified as S. xylosus, were found to be resistant to streptogramins and both contained the vatB- and the vgaB-genes. Thirty-nine (47%) of the S. aureus isolates, three of nine S. hyicus and eight of the 23 novobiocin resistant CNS were tetracycline resistant and all contained the tet(K) gene. A single S. aureus isolate also contained the tet(M) gene. The present study showed a frequent occurrence of resistance to fluoroquinolones, tetracycline and macrolides among staphylococci isolated from broilers in Denmark, whereas the occurrence of resistance to other antimicrobial agents remains low. Similar genes, encoding resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline and streptogramins to those previously observed, were detected.  相似文献