Downy mildews cause considerable damage to maize (Zea mays L.) worldwide, particularly in the tropical Asia. We have evaluated a set of 42 tropical/sub-tropical maize inbred lines
developed in different countries in Asia (India, Thailand and Philippines), and Mexico, for analysing the genetic variability
for resistance to sorghum downy mildew [Peronosclerospora sorghi; SDM] and Rajasthan downy mildew [P. heteropogoni; RDM]. Experiments were carried out in replicated trials under artificial infection in field conditions against SDM and RDM
at Mandya in Karnataka, India, and Udaipur in Rajasthan, India, respectively, during 1999 and 2000. The study resulted in
identification of five inbred lines offering consistent and strong resistance to both SDM and RDM, while several inbred lines
revealed resistance only to RDM. It was also revealed that the SDM-resistant inbreds are invariably resistant to RDM, while
the RDM-resistant inbreds might show differential responses to the SDM. The maize inbred lines identified in this study with
broad-spectrum resistance to downy mildews could be potentially useful for basic and applied research work on downy mildews
in tropical Asia.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of diets containing rice distillers’ by‐product (RDP) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and gut microbiota of fattening pigs. Twenty‐four crossbred finishing pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire), 56.9 ± 3.1 kg initial body weight, were randomly allocated to three groups. For 56 days, pigs were fed one of three diets including RDP0 (control), RDP15 (15% RDP in DM), and RDP30 (30% RDP in DM). With RDP level in diet, average daily gain and backfat thickness linearly increased (p < 0.05), and drip loss tended to increase (p ≤ 0.08). In addition, 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon profiling showed that RDP was associated with modulation of colonic microbiota composition, especially at family and genus levels. Relative abundance of Porphyromonadaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae families in colonic digesta increased with inclusion of RDP, while that of Enterobacteriaceae decreased. The proportion of genera unclassified Erysipelotrichaceae, and Butyrivibrio increased as inclusion of RDP. These results indicate that up to 30% inclusion in diet of finishing pigs, RDP can modulate colonic microbiota composition, and induces an improvement of animal growth and fat deposition. 相似文献
Tropospheric ozone and black carbon (BC) contribute to both degraded air quality and global warming. We considered ~400 emission control measures to reduce these pollutants by using current technology and experience. We identified 14 measures targeting methane and BC emissions that reduce projected global mean warming ~0.5°C by 2050. This strategy avoids 0.7 to 4.7 million annual premature deaths from outdoor air pollution and increases annual crop yields by 30 to 135 million metric tons due to ozone reductions in 2030 and beyond. Benefits of methane emissions reductions are valued at $700 to $5000 per metric ton, which is well above typical marginal abatement costs (less than $250). The selected controls target different sources and influence climate on shorter time scales than those of carbon dioxide-reduction measures. Implementing both substantially reduces the risks of crossing the 2°C threshold. 相似文献
Diseases in shrimp farms in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam cause significant crop losses and are therefore of great concern to producers. Once a pond becomes infected, it is difficult to prevent spread of the disease to nearby shrimp farming areas. Thus, predicting the occurrence of disease is an essential part of reducing the risk for shrimp farmers. In this study, we applied an integrated geographic information system and machine learning system to predict three serious diseases of shrimp, namely, acute hepatopancreatic necrosis, white spot syndrome disease, and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei infection, based on data collected from shrimp farms in the Tra Vinh, Bac Lieu, Soc Trang, and Ca Mau provinces of Vietnam. We first constructed a map showing the distribution of these diseases using the locations of affected farms, and then we conducted spatial analysis to acquire the geographical features of the affected locations. This latter information was combined with environmental factors and clinical signs to form the set of independent variables affecting the outbreak of diseases. The neural network model outperformed the logistic regression, random forest, and gradient boosting methods in terms of predicting infection to estimate the probability of disease occurrence in farmed areas. Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease infected farms downstream of the Co Chien and Hau Rivers of Tra Vinh and west of Ca Mau. Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei infection is distributed in Soc Trang Province, while white spot syndrome virus has spread to the coastal districts of Soc Trang and Bac Lieu Provinces, where it is highly associated to water from a complex canal system.
In this study, gelatin was obtained from the scales of seabass (Lates calcarifer) and grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) collected in Vietnam by using Alcalase® 2.4 L FG for pretreatment and electrochemically activated water with pH 2.0–2.5 for extraction. The characteristics and physicochemical properties of gelatin were investigated. The results indicated that the gelatin had a high protein content (88.6–90.0%) with ash (1.43–1.55%) and no fat. The gelatin was identified as type A due to its pH value. The yields of gelatin were 14.1–15.2%. The gel strength and melting point were 270.3 g and 26.7°C, respectively, for gelatin from seabass scales and 249.1 g and 25.9°C, respectively, for samples from grey mullet scales. In contrast, the viscosities of gelatin were found to be 6.97 cP for seabass and 8.73 cP for grey mullet. Both gelatins contained α-chain and β-chain as the major components. Circular dichroism spectra indicated that the triple helical structure in collagen was almost transformed to the random coil structure in gelatin. The proportion of imino acids was high (197–205 residues/1,000 residues). So, gelatin from seabass and grey mullet scales could be used as a potential replacement for mammalian gelatin. 相似文献
In South-East Asia, rice distillers’ by-product (RDP) is a widely abundant feedstuff whose adequate incorporation into pig diets is still questionable. Especially, effects of RDP on nutrient digestibility of growing pigs fed corn-soybean meal-based diet are lacking. The objective of this study was to determine nutrient digestibility and energy value of ordinary (ORDP) and glutinous (GRDP) rice distillers’ by-product in growing pigs. Two groups of 12 castrated crossbred barrows (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire), about 3 months old, 38?±?1.04-kg initial body weight, were each allocated to a 15-day experiment in which pigs were divided into three isonitrogenous diet-groups. The animals were housed individually in metabolism cages for separated collection of feces and urine. Each diet-group was provided either a control corn-soybean meal diet or a diet in which corn and soybean meal were partly replaced by ORDP or GRDP at 15 or 30% on diet dry matter basis. Glutinous by-product especially showed higher levels in crude protein, neutral/acid detergent fiber, total branched-chain amino acids, and butyric acid. When compared to the control diet, ORDP tented to increase DM intake (P?= 0.054) but decreased energy (P?< 0.001) and crude protein (P?< 0.04) digestibility, while GRDP decreased DM intake (P?< 0.001). Both GRDP and ORDP products negatively affected digestibility of ether extract. The average digestible and metabolizable energy of ORDP and GRDP were 17.0 and 16.6, and 17.7, and 17.1 MJ/kg DM, respectively. In conclusion, these results show that both RDP, and especially GRDP, are highly valuable protein and energy sources for pig production.
Fisheries Science - Predicting the outbreak of disease is essential when managing shrimp farms. Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a serious... 相似文献
Catalytic oxidation of benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene (BTE) on virgin zeolite, nZnO-coated zeolite, with and without UV?+?O3, at 300 °C bed temperature was investigated using laboratory experiments. The coating was done at three weight ratios of Zn (estimated Zn content in nZnO) to zeolite (0.2:1.0, 0.5:10, 1.0:1.0). The coated adsorbents were examined by scanning electron microscopy, wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Brunauer Emmett Teller analyses. In the catalytic oxidation experiments, the adsorbents were first saturated with BTE by purging an air stream containing a mixture of BTE at 5 ppm each for 28 min. Introduction of UV?+?O3 on the coated 13X zeolite (0.5:1.0) bed improved the average removal efficiency (RE) of benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene (with inlet concentration of 5 ppm each) to 68.7, 90.0, and 99.6%, respectively, from the corresponding values of 57.3, 79.9, and 98.5% when no UV?+?O3 was used. An increase in the coating weight ratio from 0.2:1.0 to 0.5:1.0 had produced a higher RE for benzene only, while a further increase to 1.0:1.0 witnessed a decrease in RE for all three compounds, and more for benzene. Avg RE of BTE decreased with the increase in their inlet concentrations, more significantly for an increase from 5 to 50 ppm and less noticeable for a further increase to 100 ppm. The final oxidation products and intermediate products in the outlet streams from the oxidation and thermal desorption were analyzed which showed predominant compositions of CO2 followed by BTE and some levels of CO and other volatile organic compounds. 相似文献
Edema disease (ED) is a common fatal disease in newly weaned piglets. To develop an effective control program for ED, we carried
out a study to better understand the incidence and spread of the disease and the characteristics of the causative agent. In
our study, 69 Escherichia coli strains, isolated from 92 piglets showing clinical signs of ED from 13 provinces in northern Vietnam, were positive for both
the VT2e toxin and the F18 major fimbrial subunit gene fedA. Of these, 40 strains (58%) were positive for AIDA and 16 isolates carried one or more enterotoxins. Forty-six (67%) of the
69 VT2e+/F18+E. coli isolates belonged to classical serotypes (O139:K82, O141: K85, O138:K81, and O149:K91) while the remaining strains did not
belong to the common serotypes in pig. Seropathotype 0139:K82+/VT2e+/F18+/AIDA+ (21 isolates) was the most frequently detected ED-causing E. coli strain. High prevalence of resistance was observed to the common drugs of tetracycline, streptomycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole,
amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and spectinomycin. Multiple resistances were widely distributed with 84% of isolates resistant
to five antibiotics. Sequence analysis demonstrated that the VT2e toxin is identical among E. coli strains causing ED in pig. 相似文献
