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1.
A 4‐week feeding experiment was conducted to determine the effects of graded levels of dehulled and cooked castor oil bean (Ricinus communis L) meal on the performance of broiler finishers. Castor oil bean seeds were dehulled and detoxified by cooking in two stages at 100 °C for 50 min per cooking. Sixty 6‐week‐old broiler birds (Anak strain) were randomly divided into four groups of 15 birds each. The groups were fed four isocaloric (2.90 Mcal of metabolizable energy/kg) and isonitrogenous (21% crude protein) diets containing 0%, 10%, 15% and 20% dehulled and cooked castor oil bean meal (CBM) for 4 weeks. Results showed that there were significant (p < 0.05) differences among treatments in average daily feed intake, final body weight, average daily weight gain (ADWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER). Birds fed diets containing 0% and 10% CBM had significantly (p < 0.05) higher feed intake than birds on 15% and 20% CBM diets. The lowest feed intake was recorded at the 20% CBM inclusion level. The highest ADWG was observed in birds fed 0% CBM diet, but this was not significantly (p > 0.05) different from the ADWG of birds on 10% CBM diet. Birds fed diets containing10% and 15% levels of CBM had similar and non‐significant (p > 0.05) ADWG. Birds fed 20% CBM diet had the least (p < 0.05) ADWG. Birds fed 0%, 10% and 15% CBM diets had similar FCR and this was significantly (p < 0.05) lower and better than that of birds on 20% CBM diet. The least (p < 0.05) PER was observed in birds fed 20% CBM diet. Birds fed 20% CBM diet had significantly (p < 0.05) higher packed cell volume (PCV) than birds on 10% and 15% CBM diets. Birds fed 0%, 10% and 15% CBM diets had similar (p > 0.05) PCV values. Birds fed diets containing 0%, 10% and 15% levels of CBM had similar and significantly (p < 0.05) lower heamoglobin than birds fed 20% CBM diets. There were also significant (p < 0.05) differences among treatments in dry matter (DM), nitrogen, ether extract (EE) and nitrogen‐free extract (NFE) retention. Birds fed 0% CBM diet had significantly (p < 0.05) higher retention of DM, nitrogen and NFE than birds on 10%, 15% and 20% CBM diets. Birds fed 10% CBM diet had significantly (p < 0.05) higher DM, nitrogen and NFE retention than birds on 15% and 20% CBM diets. The lowest retention of DM, nitrogen and NFE was recorded at the 20% CBM inclusion level. Birds fed 0% CBM diet had significantly (p < 0.05) higher EE retention than birds on 15% and 20% CBM diets. The lowest EE retention was observed at the 20% CBM inclusion level. The results of the study indicate that up to 10% dehulled and cooked CBM can be included in broiler finisher rations for optimum performance. 相似文献
2.
T G Okorie 《Veterinary parasitology》1991,38(2-3):215-223
Groups of nymphs and adults of Hyalomma rufipes and larvae, nymphs and adults of Amblyomma variegatum were infected by intracoelomic inoculation with Congo virus at concentrations of 10(3.5)LD50 (Group A), 10(1.5)LD50 (Group B) and 10(0.5)LD50 (Group C). The infection rates for the different groups were: Groups A, 92-100% for all stages of ticks, except for adult H. rufipes which had 87%; Group B, 56.8, 68.1 and 50.7% for larvae, nymphs and adults of A. variegatum, respectively, and 96.3 and 84.4% for nymphs and adults of H. rufipes, respectively; Group C, 0% for larvae, nymphs and adults of A. variegatum and 8 and 1.7%, respectively, for nymphs and adult adult of H. rufipes. The 1-5% infection threshold was 10(0.5)LD50 for nymphs of H. rufipes and a dose greater than this for all the other stages of the two species of ticks. The 50% infection threshold was 10(1.5)LD50 for larvae and adults of A. variegatum, but less than 10(1.5)LD50 for nymphs of A. variegatum and nymphs and adults of H. rufipes. Peak virus titres obtained for H. rufipes were 10(6.0) for Group A and B nymphs and 10(3.0) for Group A and B adults, and 10(1.0) each for Group C nymphs and adults. For A. variegatum, the peak titres for Groups A, B and C were, respectively, 10(1.0), 10(0.8), and 0 for nymphs and 10(1.5), 10(0.6) and 0 for adults. Sera from 100% (24/24) of rabbits used to feed adult H. rufipes and from 65% (31/48) used to feed nymphs and adult A. variegatum were positive for compliment fixation antibody to Congo virus at a titre of 1:8 from Days 15-35 postattachment of ticks. Viremia in rabbit was detected in 12.5% (3/25) of rabbits used to feed adult H. rufipes. 相似文献
3.
Gwangyeol Yoo Seunghyung Lee Young Chul Kim Okorie E. Okorie Gun Jun Park Yong Ok Han Se-Min Choi Ju-Chan Kang Mihai Sun Sungchul C. Bai 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2007,38(1):138-145
Abstract.— The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of β‐1,3 glucan and a laboratory developed feed stimulant, BAISM, as feed additives for juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Eight experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric and to contain 50.0% crude protein and 16.4 kJ of available energy/g with or without dietary β‐1,3 glucan and BAISM supplementation. β‐1,3 glucan (G) and BAISM (B) were provided at 0% in the control diet (G0B0) and at 0.05% G + 0.45% B (G0.05B0.45), 0.05% G + 0.95% B (G0.05B0.95), 0.1% G + 0.90% B (G0.1B0.9), 0.10% G + 1.90% B (G0.1B1.9), 0.15% G + 1.35% B (G0.15B1.35), 0.15% G + 2.85% B (G0.15B2.85), and 0.30% G + 2.70% B (G0.3B2.7) in experimental diets. After the feeding trial, fish fed G0.1B0.9, G0.1B1.9, and G0.15B1.35 diets had higher percent weight gain (WG), feed efficiency ratio (FER), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and condition factor (CF) than those fed G0B0, G0.05B0.45, G0.05B0.95, G0.15B2.85, and G0.3B2.7 diets (P < 0.05); however, there was no significant differences among fish fed G0.1B0.9, G0.1B1.9, and G0.15B1.35 diets. Fish fed G0.1B0.9 and G0.1B1.9 diets had higher chemiluminescent responses (CL) than those fed the other diets (P < 0.05). Lysozyme activity of fish fed G0.1B0.9 diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed the other diets (P < 0.05). These results indicated that the optimum dietary supplementation level of β‐1,3 glucan and BAISM could be approximately 0.10% β‐1,3 glucan + 0.90% BAISM (G0.1B0.9) of diet based on WG, FER, SGR, PER, CF, CL, and lysozyme activity in juvenile olive flounder, P. olivaceus. 相似文献
4.
Mihai Sun Young Chul Kim Okorie Eme Okorie Sukumar Devnath Gwangyeol Yoo Seunghyung Lee Yong Kil Jo Sungchul C. Bai 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2007,38(4):543-549
A 10‐wk feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential use of fermented fisheries by‐products and soybean curd residues mixture (FFSM) as a partial replacement for fish meal (FM) in the diet of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Five experimental diets were formulated with FFSM replacing 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60% of the FM protein (FFSM0, FFSM15, FFSM30, FFSM45, and FFSM60, respectively). Juvenile olive flounder averaging 5.99 ± 0.08 g (mean ± SD) were randomly distributed into aquaria at 15 fish/aquarium, with three replicate aquaria for each experimental diet. Weight gain (WG) of fish fed FFSM0, FFSM15, and FFSM30 was significantly higher than that of fish fed FFSM45 and FFSM60 (P < 0.05). Also, WG of fish fed FFSM45 was significantly higher than that of fish fed FFSM60 (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in WG among fish fed FFSM0, FFSM15, and FFSM30 (P > 0.05). Specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed FFSM15 was significantly higher than that of fish fed FFSM45 and FFSM60 (P < 0.05). Also, SGR of fish fed FFSM0, FFSM15, FFSM30, and FFSM45 was significantly higher than that of fish fed FFSM60 (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in SGR among fish fed FFSM0, FFSM15, and FFSM30 and among those fed FFSM0, FFSM30, and FFSM45 (P > 0.05). Feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed FFSM60 were significantly lower than those of fish fed FFSM0, FFSM15, FFSM30, and FFSM45 (P < 0.05); however, there were no significant differences in FE and PER among fish fed FFSM0, FFSM15, FFSM30, and FFSM45. Hepatosomatic index of fish fed FFSM0, FFSM15, and FFSM30 was significantly higher than that of fish fed FFSM60 (P < 0.05); however, there were no significant differences among fish fed FFSM0, FFSM15, FFSM30, and FFSM45 and among those fed FFSM45 and FFSM60. No significant differences were observed in condition factor and survival rate among all dietary groups tested. The whole‐body proximate composition averaged 75.0 (% dry matter basis [DM]), 8.66 (% DM), 16.38 (% DM), and 76.1%, for crude protein, crude lipid, ash, and moisture, respectively. Based on growth performance, the FFSM could replace up to 30% FM protein by the ANOVA test; however, broken‐line model analysis indicated 28.7% as an optimum replacement level in juvenile olive flounder diets. 相似文献
5.
Two feeding trials were carried out to determine the optimum feeding rates in juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, at the optimum rearing temperature. Fish averaging 5.0 ± 0.11 g (mean ± SD) in experiment 1 and 20.2 ± 0.54 g (mean ± SD) in experiment 2 were fed a commercial diet at the feeding rates of 0%, 3.0%, 4.0%, 4.25%, 4.5% and 4.75% body weight (BW) day?1 and satiation (5.52% BW day?1) in experiment 1 and 0%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0% and 3.5% BW day?1 and satiation (4.12% BW day?1) in experiment 2 at 20 ± 1 °C. Both feeding trials lasted for 2 weeks. Results from experiment 1 indicated that weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed to satiation were significantly higher than those of fish fed at other feeding rates while feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed at 4.25% BW day?1 were significantly higher than those of fish fed to satiation and fish fed at 3.0% BW day?1 (P < 0.05). In experiment 2 WG, SGR and PER leveled out after the feeding rate of 3.5% BW day?1 whereas FE reached a plateau at 3.0% BW day?1. anova of FE indicated that the optimum feeding rates in 5.0 and 20 g juvenile olive flounder could be 4.25% and 3.0% BW day?1, respectively. Broken line analysis of WG suggested the optimum feeding rates of 5.17% and 3.47% BW day?1 in 5.0 and 20 g fish, respectively. Therefore, these results indicated that the optimum feeding rates could be >4.25 but <5.17% BW day?1 for 5.0 g, and it could be >3.0 but <3.47% BW day?1 for 20 g size of juvenile olive flounder at the optimum rearing temperature. 相似文献
6.
Jun-Young Bae Gun Hyun Park Jeong-Yeol Lee Okorie Eme Okorie Sungchul C. Bai 《Aquaculture International》2012,20(3):513-523
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary propolis supplementation on growth performance, immune responses, disease resistance and body composition of juvenile eel, Anguilla japonica, in order to evaluate its bioavailability as a feed additive for this species. A total of 540 fish averaging 7.7?±?0.22?g (mean?±?SD) were randomly distributed into 18 tanks in groups of 30, and each tank was then randomly assigned to one of three replicates of six diets containing 0 (P0), 0.25 (P0.25), 0.5 (P0.5), 1.0 (P1), 2.0 (P2) and 4.0 (P4) % dietary propolis. At the end of 12?weeks of feeding trial, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed P0.5 diet were significantly higher than those of fish fed P0, P1, P2 and P4 diets (P?<?0.05). These parameters were 148.9%, 0.72% day?1, 94.4% and 2.9, respectively for fish fed P0.5 diet. Serum lysozyme activity of fish fed P0.5 (105.7 units mL?1) and P1 (106.0 units mL?1) diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed P0, P0.25, P2 and P4 diets. Mucus lysozyme activity of fish fed P1 (8.4 units 10?cm?2) diet was significantly higher than those of fish fed P0, P2 and P4 diets. Results indicated that the optimum dietary propolis supplementation levels could be 0.25?C0.5% for optimum growth and feed efficiency, and 0.5?C1% for enhanced immune responses and disease resistance in eel, A. japonica. This study may suggest that the dietary propolis level for the optimum immune responses could be higher than the level for the optimum growth of eel. 相似文献
7.
Okorie E. Okorie Su Hong Ko Sugeun Go Jun‐Young Bae Gwang Yeol Yoo Jun‐Ho Lee Tae‐Ik Kim Sungchul C. Bai 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2011,42(5):657-666
A 14‐wk feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the optimum dietary riboflavin (vitamin B2) level in juvenile sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. A total of 360 sea cucumbers averaging 1.49 ± 0.07 g (mean ± SD) were randomly distributed into 18 rectangular plastic tanks, and each tank was then randomly assigned to one of three replicates of six diets containing 0.29 (B20), 4.22 (B24), 8.93 (B29), 17.9 (B218), 56.7 (B257), and 577 (B2577) mg riboflavin/kg diet. At the end of 14 wk of feeding trial, average weight gain (WG) of sea cucumbers fed B29, B218, B257, and B2577 diets were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of animals fed B20 diet. WG of sea cucumbers fed B218, B257, and B2577 diets were significantly higher than those of animals fed B20 and B24 diets. Specific growth rate of sea cucumbers fed B29, B218, B257, and B2577 diets were significantly higher than those of animals fed B20 and B24 diets. Feed efficiency of sea cucumbers fed B29, B257, and B2577 diets were significantly higher than those of animals fed B20 and B24 diets. Although significant differences were recorded in proximate composition of sea cucumbers fed the experimental diets, no clear trends were observed. The ANOVA test suggested that the optimum dietary riboflavin level in sea cucumber could be 17.9 mg/kg diet but broken‐line analysis of WG indicated a level of 9.73 mg riboflavin/kg diet. Therefore, these results may indicate that the optimum dietary riboflavin level in sea cucumber could be higher than 9.73 mg/kg diet but lower than 17.9 mg/kg diet. 相似文献
8.
Nymphs and adults of H. rufipes were individually inoculated intracoelomically with 0.02 ml of Congo virus having a titre of 3.5. LD50/0.02 ml. The virus replicated in both nymphs and adults. Peak virus contents of 7.4 LD50/0.02 ml and 4.6 LD50/0.02 ml were obtained in inoculated nymphs and adults, respectively. Congo virus infection, acquired in the nymphal stage, persisted during metamorphosis and was passed on to the adult. Engorged adults had a significantly higher virus content than unfed adults. Unfed male and female adults had about the same amount of virus until engorgement, when the level of virus in the engorged gravid female rose higher than that in males. Virus was detected in the unfed adults, 185 days post inoculation. 相似文献
9.
Mihai Sun Young Chul Kim Okorie Eme Okorie Seunghyung Lee Sukumar Devnath Gwangyeol Yoo Sungchul C . Bai Yong Kil Jo 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2007,38(4):536-542
A 10‐wk feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential use of fermented soybean curd residues (FSCR) as an energy source in diets for juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain dry soybean curd residues to replace wheat meal (WM) at the levels of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% (FSCR0, FSCR25, FSCR50, FSCR75, and FSCR100, respectively). Fish averaging 6.00 ± 0.07 g (mean ± SD) were randomly distributed into 15 aquaria as groups of 15 fish and fed the experimental diets in triplicate at a rate of 4–5% of wet body weight per day twice daily on dry matter basis. At the conclusion of the feeding trial, weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed diet FSCR25 were significantly higher than those of fish fed diets FSCR50, FSCR75, and FSCR100 (P < 0.05); however, there were no significant differences in WG and SGR among fish fed diets FSCR0 and FSCR25 and among those fed diets FSCR0 and FSCR50. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of olive flounder fed diet FSCR25 were significantly higher than those of fish fed diets FSCR50, FSCR75, and FSCR100 (P < 0.05); however, there were no significant differences in these parameters among fish fed diets FSCR0 and FSCR25 and among those fed diets FSCR0, FSCR50, FSCR75, and FSCR100. Hematological characteristics, condition factor, hepatosomatic index, and survival rate of fish fed FSCR0 were not significantly different from those of fish fed the other diets. These results indicated that FSCR could replace up to 50% WM as an energy source in juvenile olive flounder diets based on ANOVA test. 相似文献
10.
Gwangyeol Yoo Seunghyung Lee Gun Jun Park Se-Min Choi Okorie Okorie Eme Young Chul Kim Kang-Woong Kim Yong-Jin Kang Sungchul C. Bai 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2007,38(2):200-207
This experiment was conducted to study the effects of the graded recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST) levels on growth, plasma rBST concentrations, and body composition of Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli, and to estimate the optimum oral dosage of rBST. Seven experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric and to contain 49.0% crude protein and 16.7 kJ available energy/g, with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, or 50 mg rBST/kg body weight (BW)/wk (rBST0, rBST5, rBST10, rBST15, rBST20, rBST25, and rBST50, respectively). After the feeding trial, fish fed all the diets supplemented with rBST showed higher weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE), specific growth rate (SGR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) than those fed the rBST0 diet (P < 0.05). WG of fish fed rBST15, rBST20, rBST25, and rBST50 diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed rBST0 and rBST5 diets (P < 0.05); however, there were no significant differences among fish fed rBST10, rBST15, rBST20, rBST25, and rBST50 diets. FE of fish fed rBST15 and rBST20 diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed rBST0, rBST5, rBST10, and rBST50 diets, and fish fed rBST10, rBST25, and rBST50 diets had significantly higher FE than those fed rBST0 and rBST5 diets (P < 0.05). SGR of fish fed all the diets supplemented with rBST was significantly higher than that of fish fed rBST0 diet (P < 0.05); however, there were no significant differences among fish fed all the diets supplemented with rBST. PER of fish fed rBST15 and rBST20 diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed rBST0, rBST5, and rBST50 diets, and fish fed rBST10, rBST25, and rBST50 diets had significantly higher PER than those fed rBST0 and rBST5 diets (P < 0.05). Whole‐body protein of fish fed rBST15 diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed rBST0, rBST5, and rBST10 diets (P < 0.05); however, there were no significant differences among fish fed rBST15, rBST20, rBST25, and rBST50 diets. Plasma rBST concentrations of fish fed all the diets began to rise at 3 h after oral administration of rBST; the maximum plasma rBST concentration peaked at 12 h and returned to the basal level at 24 h. Broken‐line model analyses of WG and FE were 12.8 and 13.2 mg rBST/kg BW/wk, respectively. These results indicated that the optimum oral dosage could be greater than 12.8 mg rBST/kg BW/wk but less than 13.2 mg rBST/kg BW/wk in juvenile Korean rockfish. 相似文献