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Badi Besbes 《兽医导刊》2018,(21)
正一、粮农组织粮农组织,即联合国粮食及农业组织,他们的目标是引进国际的组织来战胜饥饿。粮农组织是1945年在华盛顿特区成立的,之后又搬迁到了罗马、意大利。粮农组织的足迹遍布全球,在全球范围内一共有5个办事处,有11个次区域,6个联系处,还有6个伙伴关系和临时处。粮农组织在全球有94个国家办事处,197个会员,在全球范围内有4 000多个员工,2017年的总预算大约是26 相似文献
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Ines Zrafi-Nouira Zouhour Khedir-Ghenim Raouf Bahri Imed Cheraeif Mahmoud Rouabhia Dalila Saidane-Mosbahi 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2009,201(1-4):19-31
In this study, the occurrence of toxic heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn) and relative bioaccumulation in biota samples were investigated in a freshwater ecosystem, the Basento river, one of the main aquatic systems in the south of Italy, which over the last years has been transformed into a sink of urban and industrial wastes. Therefore, the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc were determined in water, sediments, and tissues of some macroinvertebrate—which are natural assessment endpoints for the evaluation of ecological risk in aquatic systems. Accumulation factors, as a ratio between the concentration of a given contaminant in biota and the one in an abiotic medium, were considered in order to estimate heavy metal contamination loads in biota. Statistical analysis was performed for a comparative evaluation of bioaccumulation among various macroinvertebrates, according to different feeding guilds. The Tukey honestly significantly different test showed significant differences in the bioaccumulation of As, Cd, and Cr among the considered biological receptors (collector–gatherer, predator, and filterer), suggesting that the biological uptake from immediate contact with the sediment or solid substratum (collector–gatherer), instead of the bioconcentration from water (filterer) or biomagnification along the biotic food webs (predators), is the more effective biological sequestering pathway for these metals. Biota–sediment accumulation factors, commonly used for the evaluation of sediment’s role in aquatic systems contamination, were determined for the considered metals. A linear correlation between the concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, and Zn in macroinvertebrates and those in the sediments suggested that the metal uptake data in macroinvertebrates can provide useful information for the estimation of heavy metal exposure risk or bioavailability when making assessments of sediment toxicity in freshwater ecosystems. 相似文献
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Hager Blel Noureddine Chatti Raouf Besbes Sarra Farjallah Ali Elouaer Hammadi Guerbej & Khaled Said 《Aquaculture Research》2008,39(3):268-275
The Mugilidae family is an important fish group representing a major source for fisheries and aquaculture. In the south Mediterranean bank, no data are available on this fauna, except for some morphological studies on Tunisian samples. In this study, 16 allozymic loci were used to investigate the phylogenetic relationships within Tunisian mugilids. The results obtained from Hergla lagoon samples highlight five operational taxonomic unit corresponding to the well‐known species (Liza aurata, Liza ramada, Liza saliens, Chelon labrosus, Mugil cephalus). Several loci appeared to be diagnostic of these species, but in contrast to Greek mugilid samples, we did not find any diagnostic locus fixed differently for the five species. These results can help aquaculture units to identify accurately the mullet species they subsequently use for stocking aquaculture ponds and inland waters. However, species identity represents very important information, as each species has a different growth rate and salinity tolerance. On the other hand, when compared with North Mediterranean Mugilidae analysed until now, Tunisian samples show a genetic differentiation that could be related to different physicochemical conditions between the North and South banks, similar to those recorded in the eastern and western two Mediterranean basins separated by the Siculo‐Tunisian strait. In addition, this study confirms the morphological taxonomy, except for the subdivision of the Liza genus into two sub‐genera. The phylogenetic tree is in agreement with that on Languedoc Mugilidae samples (France), indicating that the subdivision of the Liza genus into two sub‐genera appears to be without any genetic base. 相似文献
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Aya M. Fadl Abdel Raouf M. Ghallab Mostafa M. Abou-Ahmed Adel R. Moawad 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2021,56(1):103-111
Melatonin is known to protect sperm against freezing-inflicted damage in different domestic species. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation of semen extender with melatonin on the quality and DNA integrity of cooled and frozen/thawed rabbit spermatozoa. We also investigated whether the addition of melatonin to the semen extender could improve the fertility of rabbit does artificially inseminated with frozen/thawed semen. Semen samples collected from eight rabbit bucks were pooled and then diluted in INRA-82 supplemented either with (0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 mM) or without (0.0 mM) melatonin. Diluted semen was cooled at 5°C for 24 hr. For cryopreservation and based on the first experiment's best result, semen samples were diluted in INRA-82 in the presence or absence of 1.0 mM melatonin and then frozen in 0.25 ml straws. Following cooling or thawing, sperm quality and DNA integrity were evaluated. Furthermore, the fertility of frozen/thawed semen was investigated after artificial insemination. Supplementation of semen extender with 1.0 mM melatonin improved (p < .05) motility, viability, membrane and acrosome integrities in cooled semen compared with other groups. Sperm quality and DNA integrity were higher (p < .05) in frozen/thawed semen diluted in 1.0 mM melatonin-supplemented extender than in the control group. Conception and birth rates were higher in does inseminated with 1.0 mM melatonin treated semen compared with the controls. In conclusion, supplementation of semen extender with 1.0 mM melatonin improved the quality of cooled and frozen/thawed rabbit spermatozoa. Melatonin can preserve DNA integrity and enhance the fertility of frozen/thawed rabbit spermatozoa. 相似文献
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Raouf Seyed Sharifi Razieh Khalilzadeh Jalal Jalilian 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2017,63(3):308-318
In order to study the effects of biofertilizers and cycocel on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under salinity condition, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications under greenhouse condition in 2015. Treatments were included salinity in four levels [no salt (control or S0), salinity 30 (S1), 60 (S2) and 90 (S3) mM NaCl equivalent of 2.76, 5.53 and 8.3 dS m?1, respectively], four biofertilizers levels [no biofertilizer (F0), seed inoculation by Azotobacter chrocoocum strain 5 (F1), Pseudomonas putida strain 186 (F2), both inoculation Azotobacter + Pseudomonas (F3)] and three cycocel levels [without cycocel as control (C0), application of 600 (C1) and 1000 (C2) mg L?1]. Results showed that salinity severe stress (90 mM) decreased chlorophyll content, relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll, photochemical efficiency of PSII and yield of wheat. Whereas, soluble sugars and proline content, electrical conductivity (EC), the activity of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes were increased. Similar results were observed in CAT, POD and PPO activities due to inoculation by biofertilizers and cycocel. Salinity at 30 mM increased the photochemical efficiency of PSII and chlorophyll content in plants grown under biofertilizer and cycocel treatment but with increasing salinity up to 90 mM mentioned parameters were decreased. The highest proline and soluble carbohydrate at all salinity levels were observed in plants treated in the highest cycocel level and Azotobacter+ Pseudomonas application. Generally, it was concluded that biofertilizers and cycocel can be used as a proper tool for increasing wheat yield under salinity condition. 相似文献
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Dora Zouiten Ines Ben Khemis Raouf Besbes Chantal Cahu 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2008,279(1-4):166-172
This work describes the ontogeny of the digestive tract in thick lipped grey mullet (Chelon labrosus) larvae reared until day 36 post-hatching with the semi-extensive technology in mesocosms. Diet was constituted by live preys, rotifers, Artemia and wild zooplankton, then compound diet was added from day 20 (p. h.). Linear growth, weight growth and digestive enzymes specific activities were studied during larval ontogeny. Pancreatic enzymes (trypsin and amylase) and intestinal enzymes (leucine-alanine peptidase “Leu-ala”, aminopeptidase N “AN” and alkaline phosphatase “AP”) were assayed in larvae sampled throughout the rearing trial to evaluate gastrointestinal maturation along the development.The trypsin specific activities were very high during the first two weeks and then declined as observed in marine fish species. A following increase in trypsin specific activity from day 20 was attributed notably to ingestion of particle compound diet. In contrast to the pattern generally described in fish larvae, amylase specific activity showed a continuous increase. This could be attributed to the fact that C. labrosus is an omnivorous species and suggests that the fish might be able to use efficiently diets containing higher levels of starch or other carbohydrates since the end of larval development.Relative expression of intestinal brush border membrane enzymes (AP and AN) and cytosolic enzyme (Leu-ala), showed an abrupt increase of both AP/leu-ala and AN/leu-ala ratios at day 8 (p. h.), indicating that maturation of intestinal tract in C. labrosus larvae is particularly precocious. It is assumed that larvae of C. labrosus might support early co-feeding and weaning strategies, which could reasonably be initiated since mouth opening. 相似文献
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SUMMARY: In multiple trait animal model evaluations, several transformations (canonical, triangular, combined) can be used to decrease the size of the mixed model equations or to increase their sparsity. A simple method based on an EM argument and replacing missing records by their expectation given the current parameters allows the use of the canonical transformation in situations where data are missing and selection is ignorable. The convergence behavior of these different approaches were compared on real data sets simulating different missing patterns. The combined transformation is always better than the triangular transformation. The extended version of the canonical transformation clearly leads to the fastest convergence, in terms of overall CPU time, especially when a reduced animal model is used (2 to 3 times faster than the triangular transformation) and when more traits are considered simultaneously. RéSUMé: Solution des modèles animales multicaractères avec fichiérs manquantes Dans les évaluations multicaractères de type modèle animal, diverses transformations (canonique, triangulaire, combinée) peuvent être utilisées pour diminuer la taille du système d'équations du modèle mixte ou pour en accro?tre le nombre d'éléments nuls. Une méthode simple basée sur un raisonnement de type EM et rempla?ant les données manquantes par leur espérance sachant la valeur courante des paramètres permet l'utilisation de la transformation canonique dans des situations avec données manquantes et où le processus de sélection peut être ignoré. Les vitesses de convergence de ces différentes approches ont été comparées ` partir de fichiers réels simulant différent types de données manquantes. La transformation combinée s'est revelée toujours meilleure que la transformation triangulaire. La version étendue de la transformation canonique conduit clairement ` la convergence la plus rapide, tout spécialement quand un modèle animal réduit est utilisé (2 ` 3 fois plus rapide que la transformation triangulaire) et quand un grand nombre de caractères sont considérés simultanément. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Lósung bei Mehrmerkmalsmodellen und teilweise fehlenden Daten bei einzelnen Merkmalen Beim Mehrmerkmal-Tiermodell k?nnen mehrere Transformationen (kanonisch, Winkel, kombiniert) zur Reduktion der Gleichungszahl oder zur Steigerung der null Elemente verwendet werden. Eine einfache Methode, die auf EM-Schlu?folgerungen beruht und fehlende Beobachtungen mit ihren Erwartungswerten (aufgrund gegebener Parameter) ersetzt, gestattet Verwendung kanonischer Transformation bei teilweise fehlenden Daten und vernachl?ssigbarer Selektion. Das Konvergenzverhalten verschiedener Ans?tze wurde an realem Datenmaterial mit simulierten Fehlmustern verglichen. Die erweiterte Transformation ist immer besser als die Winkeltransformation, und diese kanonische Transformation führt hinsichtlich CPU-Zeit zur schnellsten Konvergenz, besonders wenn ein reduziertes Tiermodell mit mehreren Merkmalen verwendet wurde (2- bis 3 mal schneller als Winkeltransformation). 相似文献