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Juan Pablo Lazo Robert P. Romaire Robert C. Reigh 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1998,29(4):441-450
Abstract— In vitro enzyme assays are rapid, inexpensive techniques for estimating protein digestibility of feed ingredients. Three assays—the Lazo single-enzyme assay with porcine trypsin; the Hsu multi-enzyme assay with porcine trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, and peptidase; and the Satterlee multi-enzyme assay with porcine trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, peptidase, and bacterial protease—were used to estimate relative protein digestibility (RPD) of selected feed ingredients used in diets for the Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei. Ingredients tested were casein, gelatin, rice bran, shrimp meal, soybean meal, wheat gluten, and six varieties of fish meal. A highly significant, inverse, linear relationship existed between final pH in each of the enzyme assays and in vivo apparent protein digestibility of the ingredient in P. vannamei feeding trials. Ranking of RPD coefficients obtained in the Lazo single-enzyme assay followed closely the ranking of published in vivo apparent protein digestibility coefficients for the same ingredients in P. vannamei digestibility trials. Results indicated that a single-enzyme assay with porcine trypsin identified differences in protein digestibility of feedstuffs in vitro as well as the two multi-enzyme assays tested. The porcine-trypsin, single-enzyme assay appears to be a potentially useful tool for evaluating protein quality and relative protein digestibility of feedstuffs for P. vannamei. 相似文献
2.
A study was conducted to determine apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter (ADMD), crude protein (ACPD) and gross energy (AED) of selected ingredients in diets for juvenile Penaeus setiferus . Ingredients tested were corn grain, cottonseed meal, crab meal, grain sorghum, meat and bone meal, menhaden fish meal, rice bran, rice grain, shrimp meal, soybean meal, squid liver powder, wheat flour, wheat gluten, wheat middlings and wheat shorts. ADMD coefficients of test ingredients ranged from 22% to 100% and appeared to be related to the fibre, ash and starch content of the ingredient. ACPD coefficients ranged from 58% to 100%. Plant protein supplements (soybean meal and cottonseed meal) were utilized as efficiently as, or better than, animal protein supplements (squid liver powder, menhaden fish meal, meat and bone meal, shrimp meal and crab meal). ACPD coefficients for meat and bone meal, shrimp meal and crab meal (58–59%) were significantly lower than those for menhaden fish meal (76%) and squid liver powder (82%). AED coefficients (44–100%) varied significantly among plant products of similar proximate composition. Corn grain and wheat flour were better utilized by P. setiferus than other high-starch energy supplements. Wheat gluten exhibited the highest ADMD, ACPD and AED coefficients of all ingredients tested. 相似文献
3.
Robert C. Reigh Stephanie L. Braden Ralph J. Laprarie 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1993,24(3):329-338
A 10 week laboratory growth trial was conducted with red swamp crawfish Procambarus clarkii to determine the amount of soybean protein that could be substituted for fish protein in formulated crawfish diets without reducing growth. Crawfish received 32% crude protein, isocaloric diets in which protein was supplied by soybean (soy) meal, menhaden fish meal or an isonitrogenous mixture of soybean and fish meal calculated to provide graded levels of each protein source. Dietary protein was provided as: 1) 100% soy protein; 2) 75% soy protein: 25% fish protein; 3) 50% soy protein: 50% fish protein; 4) 25% soy protein: 75% fish protein; and 5) 100% fish protein. Crawfish fed soy protein: fish protein (SP:FP) mixtures or fish protein alone exhibited better (P < 0.05) weight gain than crawfish fed a diet containing soy protein as the only protein source. Diets containing 25% soy protein: 75% fish protein (1:3 ratio) and 50% soy protein: 50% fish protein (1:1 ratio) produced greater (P < 0.05) weight gains than a diet in which fish protein was the sole protein source. Survival, feed efficiency ratio, maturation rate, net protein and energy retention, and body composition of crawfish did not differ (P > 0.05) among diets with SP:FP ratios of 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1. However, maximum (P < 0.05) weight gain occurred in crawfish fed the 1:3 SP:FP ratio. Although crawfish fed SP:FP ratios of 1:1 and 3:1 had lower weight gains in the laboratory than crawfish fed a 1:3 SP:FP ratio, SP:FP ratios of 1:1 and 3:1 might be adequate for supplemental diets fed to pond-reared crawfish that have access to natural sources of food. 相似文献
4.
Robert C. Reigh 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1999,30(2):154-160
An experiment was conducted to determlne the long-term effects of an all-plant-protein diet on production characteristics (harvest yield, dressing percentage, and body composition) of catfish Ictalurus punctatus taken from top-harvested, multiple-stocked ponds over a 2.5-yr period of continuous production. Fish in eight 0.08-ha ponds were fed an extruded, 32% protein control diet (CON) containing animal and plant proteins, while fish in eight replicate ponds were fed an isonitrogenous diet containing only plant proteins, primarily from cottonseed meal and soybean meal (APP). Diets were fed once dally to apparent satiation during the growing season. Ponds were top-harvested twice per year in the spring and fall and partially restocked after each harvest. CON-fed fish received 13,335 kg of feed during the 2.5-yr period. APP-fed fish received 13,506 kg of feed. Total yields were 5,562 kg of CON-fed fish and 5,840 kg of APP-fed fish; average annual yields were 3,477 kgha per yr and 3,650 kgha per yr, respectively (P > 0.05). Feed conversion ratios, 2.5 for CON-fed fish and 2.6 for APP-fed Ash, did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). Live weights at harvest averaged 529 g (CON) and 481 g (APP), and were not significantly different. Dressing percentages were 59% for fish fed both diets (P > 0.05). APP-fed fish had less (P < 0.05) visceral fat and less (P < 0.05) muscle lipid than CON-fed fish. Results indicate that a lysine supplemented, all-plant-protein diet containing 40% cottonseed meal and 20% soybean meal is suitable for long-term production of channel catfish in earthen ponds and such a diet can reduce the fat content of pond-reared fish. 相似文献
5.
A study was conducted to evaluate alternative protein supplements that could be used to reduce the cost of formulated crayfish diets. Red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii were held in the laboratory for 9 wk and fed 30% crude protein diets containing isonitrogenous mixtures of plant and animal protein in a 65:35 ratio. Combinations tested were: soybean meal/menhaden fish meal (SOY/FSH); cottonseed meal/menhaden fish meal (COT/FSH); soybean meal/meat and bone meal (SOY/MB); cottonseed mealheat and bone meal (COT/MB); soybean meal/meat and bone meal/ blood meal (SOYIMB-B); and cottonseed meal/meat and bone meal/blood meal (COTIMB-B). Comparison of crayfish weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, apparent net protein and energy retention, and body composition indicated that SOY/FSH was the best protein combination tested. Weight gain was reduced when cottonseed meal replaced soybean meal in diets that contained either fish meal or meat and bone meal. Feed consumption of crayfish fed SOY/MB-B and COT/MB-B was lower than that of crayfish fed other diets containing the same plant-protein supplement and weight gain was lower in crayfish fed blood meal in all but one case. Differences in amino acid composition and amino acid availability of protein supplements, inhibitory effects of gossypol in cottonseed meal, and reduced consumption of diets containing blood meal could have contributed to diet effects. Results suggest that soybean meal is a better dietary protein source for crayfish than cottonseed meal, menhaden fish meal is better than meat and bone meal, and both fish meal and meat and bone meal are superior to a 60:40 meat and bone meal/blood meal mixture. However, cottonseed meal, meat and bone meal, and meat and bone meal/blood meal mixtures could be useful as lower-cost alternatives to soybean meal and fish meal in diets for pond-raised crayfish, since the apparent lower protein (amino acid) quality of these ingredients would be unlikely to depress growth of crayfish that have access to natural food in ponds. 相似文献
6.
Maxwell H. Mayeaux Dudley D. Culley Robert C. Reigh 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1996,27(1):64-73
Although the common snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina is cultured commercially in the United States, little information is available on nutritional and culture requirements. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary energy: protein ratio and stocking density on survival, growth, feed consumption, feed conversion, liposomatic index, dress-out percentage, and productive protein value of cultured, common snapping turtles. Hatchling turtles were stocked at 29 and 58 animals/m2 and fed one of seven prepared diets. Six diets contained 30, 35, or 40% protein at two digestible energy (DE) levels (7 or 9 kcal DE/g protein); the seventh was a reference diet (66% protein and 5 kcal DE/g protein) formulated to equal or exceed the whole-body essential amino acid composition of wild, common snapping turtles. Turtles stocked at 58/m2 exhibited greater mortality, lower weight gain, higher feed consumption, less-efficient feed conversion, lower liposomatic index, and lower productive protein value than turtles stocked at 29/m2 (P < 0.05). The reference diet produced the greatest weight gain (P < 0.001). The superior performance of turtles fed the reference diet suggests that: 1) the protein (amino acid) content and/or energy: protein ratio of the reference diet was superior to that of the other diets tested; 2) improvements in growth parameters can be made with dietary manipulation; and 3) high levels of plant protein can be used in prepared, snapping turtle diets. 相似文献
7.
Charles R. Weirich Robert C. Reigh Donald W. Glenn III 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2000,31(4):609-617
Abstract.— Two 10-d hatchery growth trials were conducted to determine if differences in growth, body composition, and survival existed among catfish fry Ictalurus punctatus fed a diet of 100% catfish-starter (CS) or CS in combination with decapsulated Artemia cysts (DAC) at 25%, 50 % , or 75% of diet weight. A 120–d production trial was undertaken immediately following the first hatchery trial to evaluate the effects of diet on production characteristics (survival, length, weight, feed conversion ratio, and total yield) of fingerling catfish produced from hatchery-raised fry. Fry fed diets containing DAC weighed 61–98% more ( P < 0.05) than fry fed only CS. The size differential of DAC-fed fry was maintained through 120 d of growth in simulated nursery ponds (0.001-ha earthen-bottom pools). The increased growth of fry fed DAC might have been related to differences in dietary lipid content, amino acid composition, or digestibility of CS and DAC. Body weights of fingerlings produced under simulated production conditions from fry fed hatchery diets containing 50% and 75% DAC were 17% and 25% higher, respectively, 130 d post-hatch, than fingerlings produced from fry fed only CS. In addition, the total yield of fingerlings produced from fry fed 75% DAC was 17% greater that that of fingerlings produced from fry fed only CS. The increased performance of fingerlings produced from DAC-fed fry could have resulted from their larger size at stocking, since larger fry might be capable of capturing natural food organisms and ingesting prepared diets more effectively than smaller fish. CS-DAC diet combinations could be used to increase weight gain of hatchery-raised fry if the cost-benefit ratio of adding DAC to the standard hatchery diet warrants its use. 相似文献
8.
Maxwell H. Mayeaux Robert C. Reigh Dudley D. Culley Jr. 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1998,29(2):234-242
Abstract This study was conducted to compare the fatty acid composition of muscle, liver, and depot fat of common snapping turtles Chelydra serpentina from the wild with those of captive common snapping turtles fed a diet of known fatty acid composition. Total lipid from each tissue was separated by thin-layer chromotography, methylated, and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The fatty acid composition of total lipid, polar lipid, and nonpolar lipid in muscle and depot fat of wild and captive turtles exhibited greater variability than liver polar lipid. Cultured turtles contained significantly lower levels of linolenic and arachidonic acids in liver polar lipid than wild turtles. Total n-9 fatty acids were significantly higher in whole-lipid and nonpolar fractions of muscle, liver, and depot fat of cultured turtles indicating de novo synthesis. Total polyunsaturated fatty acids were significantly lower in total lipid of muscle tissue from cultured turtles. Total polyunsaturated fatty acids were significantly lower in both depot fat and liver nonpolar lipid of cultured turtles, but did not differ (P > 0.05) in the polar lipid fractions of cultured and wild turtles. 相似文献
9.
A feeding trial was conducted to quantify the effects of phytase at levels of 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, and 8,000 units (U) per kg diet on utilization of dietary protein and minerals by fingerling (12 g) channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fed an all‐plant‐protein diet composed of soybean meal, corn, and wheat middlings. The effects of phytase on dephosphorylation of phytic acid (phytate) in the alimentary tract of catfish also were determined. After 14 wk, mean weight gains (30.2–43.9 g/fish), feed conversion ratios (2.27–2.40 g feed consumed/g weight gain), protein efficiency ratios (1.47–1.61 g weight gaid/g protein consumed), and dietary protein retentions (23.8–26.7%) did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) among treatment groups. A digestibility trial conducted after the feeding trial showed no difference (P > 0.05) in mean digestibility of diet dry matter (49.0–58.3%) or crude protein (85.4‐88.5%) among treatment groups. Concentrations of ash (46.7–48.6%), calcium (Ca, 17.9–18.5%), phosphorus (P, 9.1–9.5%), and manganese (Mn, 65.5–74.1 mg/kg) were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in bone of fish fed ≥ 500 U/kg than in bone of fish fed 0 U/kg (ash, 43.5%; Ca, 16.4%; P, 8.4%; and Mn, 49.0 ma/kg), but concentrations of these minerals did not differ (P > 0.05) in bone of fish fed ≥ 500 Uk/g. The magnesium (Mg) content of bone did not differ (P > 0.05) between fish fed 0 U/kg (0.29%) or 500 U/kg (0.34%), but was significantly lower in fish fed 0 U/kg than in fish fed ≥ 1,000 U/kg (0.35–37%). Bone Mg levels did not differ (P > 0.05) among fish fed ≥ 500 U/kg. The amount of zinc (Zn) in bone of fish fed 8,000 U/kg (153.3 mg/kg) was significantly higher than that in fish fed 0 U/kg (115.7 mg/kg) or 500 U/kg (130.3 mg/ kg), but did not differ from Zn levels in bone of fish fed 1,000–4,000 U/kg (134.5–135.8 mg/ kg). Dephosphorylation of phytate occurred primarily in the stomach within 2–8 h after diet ingestion, depending on the level of phytase supplementation. Initial levels of total phytate in the diet decreased 32–94% in stomach contents of fish fed l,000–8,000 U/kg within 2 h after feeding. Eight hours after feeding, stomach contents of fish fed ≥ 1,000 U/kg contained less than 6% of initial total dietary phytate. Stomach contents of fish fed 500 U/kg retained 92% of initial total dietary phytate 2 h after feeding and 15% of total dietary phytate 8 h after feeding. Results of this study indicate that phytase supplementation at levels up to 8,000 U/kg diet did not increase weight gain or improve dietary protein utilization of channel catfish fed an all‐plant‐protein diet. Addition of phytase at a level of 1,000 U/kg diet was sufficient to significantly increase the Ca, P, Mg, and Mn content of bone, relative to fish fed an unsupplemented diet, and significantly decrease the quantity of total phytate in feces. A phytase level of 8,000 U/kg diet significantly increased the bioavailability of naturally occurring Zn in feed ingredients and increased the rate of phytate dephosphorylation in the stomach, compared with a diet containing no added phytase. Increased utilization of naturally occurring minerals in feed ingredients reduces the need for mineral supplements in diets and results in decreased elimination of minerals in feces. Thus, use of phytase in catfish feeds can be expected to provide both economic and environmental benefits. 相似文献
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Effects of Dietary Magnesium on Growth and Tissue Magnesium Content of Blue Tilapia Oreochromis aureus 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Robert C. Reigh Edwin H. Robinson Paul B. Brown 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1991,22(3):192-200
Juvenile blue tilapia Oreochrornis aureus (mean weight 0.5 ± 0.05 g) were stocked into 38 liter glass aquaria receiving Row-through well water containing 0.1 mg magnesium/L and fed semipurified, casein-based diets containing graded levels of magnesium (0.003, 0.008, 0.023, 0.037, 0.050 and 0.065% magnesium, dry weight). Magnesium supplements were provided as anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4 ). No treatment-related mortalities occurred and no visible magnesium deficiency symptoms were observed in any treatment group during the 18 week experimental period. Magnesium concentrations in scale and bone of tilapia fed diets containing 0.023 to 0.065% magnesium were greater ( P < 0.05) than in fish fed diets containing 0.003 to 0.008%. Scale and bone magnesium concentrations did not differ ( P > 0.05) among fish that received dietary magnesium levels of 0.023% or greater. The magnesium content of muscle was higher ( P < 0.05) in fish fed 0.037 to 0.065% magnesium than in those fed 0.003 to 0.008% magnesium. Muscle magnesium concentrations did not differ ( P > 0.05) among fish that received 0.037% or more dietary magnesium. Adequate weight gain and superior feed efficiency occurred in fish fed 0.05 to 0.065% magnesium. Results indicated that diets for O. aureus should contain at least 0.05% magnesium (500 mg Mg/kg dry diet) for optimum growth and normal tissue mineralization. 相似文献
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