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The advancement in functional genomics, such as DNA microarrays along with the genome availability of important pathogens as well as of human and livestock species has allowed scientists to study the expression of thousands of genes in a single step. In the past decade, DNA arrays have been employed to study infectious processes of pathogens, in diagnostics, and to study host-pathogen interactions. The generation of enormous data sets by microarray experiments also stimulated the growth of a new generation of analytical software. The information provided by microarray experiments has been useful in generating new hypotheses for future research. The concept of DNA array technology has been utilized in the development of novel diagnostic methods. This review highlights the application of microarrays in the field of veterinary research. 相似文献
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Baswaraj Raigond Ambika Verma Tarvinder Kochhar Shivani Roach Sanjeev Sharma S. K. Chakrabarti 《Phytoparasitica》2018,46(2):255-262
A simple, cost-effective and rapid viral nucleic acid release (NAR) buffer suitable for RT-PCR based diagnostic assay was developed for the detection of potato viruses. The NAR buffer and commercially available RNA isolation kit were compared for RT-PCR based assay, where an amplicon of expected size (~380 bp) targeting PVY was observed in both isolations indicating that it can be used in RT-PCR based diagnostic assays. The same was further validated for its repeatability by running across more than hundred suspected potato leaf samples collected from different sources where, it showed consistent results for the presence of PVY indicating its reliability. The NAR buffer assay was examined for its sensitivity in comparison with the kit based isolation where both the assays were able to detect even up to 10?5 dilution without affecting the sensitivity. NAR buffer was found stable up to 28 days at -20 °C and for 14 days at 4 °C without losing PCR sensitivity. The assay was also found effective to release the nucleic acid from potato leaves, thrips and aphids for PCR and RT-PCR based detection of DNA viruses like ToLCNDV-potato and other RNA viruses. The developed protocol is simple, less laborious, time-saving (10-15 min) and economical (1/100th of kit) as compared to kit based protocol. The assay can be adopted in diagnostic laboratories for detection of RNA/DNA viruses from potato plants and in thrips as well. 相似文献
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An experiment was conducted at ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Research Farm, Sabajpura, Patna (longitude 85°13′N and 1atitude 25°37′E), Bihar, India for four consecutive years 2004–05 to 2007–08 to develop a diversified cropping system for an irrigated ecosystem in Bihar by introducing pulse/oilseed/vegetables as a second or third crop in 10 rice-based cropping systems. Four crop cycles have been completed for all the cropping systems. During all years of the experiment there were significant variations among the cropping systems. Maximum paddy yield equivalent was recorded in rice–tomato–bottle gourd (40.44 t ha?1) followed by rice–potato–onion (28.47 t ha?1), rice–coriander–lady's fingers (26.79 t ha?1), rice–carrot–cowpea (24.59 t ha?1) and rice–mustard–tomato (24.44 t ha?1). A higher value for the diversification index (DI) represents a higher level of crop diversification. It is evident from the results, that DI varies from 0.299 on a medium-sized farm to 0.903 on a small farm, with an average DI value of 0.643 among all farm categories. A survey revealed that the average DI value for small-scale farmers was highest (0.741) compared with the medium- (0.591) and large-scale (0.626) categories, and the differences were negligible. This seems reinforce the view that the smaller the farm, the higher the level of crop diversification. 相似文献
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Transverse thin cell layers (tTCLs) of protocorm-like bodies of two stages of PLBs (30 d and 60 d old) of Cymbidium Sleeping Nymph were used as explants to induce PLBs by using coconut water (CW) as a natural additive. 5% (v/v) CW supplemented to KC medium induced an average of 5 PLBs per responding tTCL of 30 d old PLBs with 83% of responding tTCLs. A low percentage of responding tTCLs were observed in 60 d old PLBs’ tTCLs. Anatomical and confocal microscopic studies traced the origin of PLBs to subepidermal layers of the tTCL. A significantly high percentage of shoot regeneration was obtained from PLBs formed on 1–10% (v/v) CW from tTCLs of 30 d old PLBs in comparison to PLBs induced on control after first subculture on KC medium (without CW). The induced PLBs regenerated into plantlets with velamenous roots and these plantlets were transferred to greenhouse conditions on cocopeat:perlite (9:1) with nearly 100% survival. Post-transfer performance of the plantlets was monitored. The results suggest tTCLs as potential explants (with respect to economy of precious hybrid materials) which can overcome the slow growth of hybrid PLBs and coconut water as a single natural additive for the mass multiplication of commercially important orchids. 相似文献
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D. K. Benbi H. S. Thind Shivani Sharma Kiranvir Brar A. S. Toor 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2017,48(15):1822-1833
Disposal of ashes from agro-industrial waste has become an important issue that can cause serious environmental problems. These materials may be used in agriculture for soil fertility improvement and carbon sequestration. The effect of applying bagasse ash (BA), rice husk ash (RHA), and RHA mixed with fly ash (MA) to wheat was evaluated on soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial activity in a loamy sand soil after four years of wheat-rice cropping. BA application resulted in C accrual at 525 kg ha?1 y?1 in soil, whereas RHA and MA did not have a significant effect. BA increased coarse particulate (cPOC) and mineral-associated organic matter (MinOC) and extractable C pools viz. hot water soluble, potassium permanganate (KMnO4)-oxidizable, easily oxidizable, non-oxidizable, and microbial biomass C. BA application also improved overall microbial and oxidative activity and stimulated fluorescein diacetate (FDA), dehydrogenase, and cellulase enzyme activities in soil. Application of RHA though did not lead to net C sequestration, yet it increased dehydrogenase and cellulase activities. Compared to unamended soil, MA application increased MinOC and FDA activity in soil. After 4 years of their application, none of the ashes adversely influenced soil biological activity expressed in terms of enzyme activities suggesting that these ashes can be disposed to agricultural soils. However, effects of their long-term application on soil biological processes need to be further investigated. 相似文献
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Prevalence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Actinobacillus suis, Haemophilus parasuis, Pasteurella multocida, and Streptococcus suis in representative Ontario swine herds 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2 
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下载免费PDF全文 Janet I. MacInnes Marcelo Gottschalk Abdul G. Lone Devon S. Metcalf Shivani Ojha Thomas Rosendal Sheila B. Watson Robert M. Friendship 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》2008,72(3):242-248
Tonsillar and nasal swabs were collected from weanling pigs in 50 representative Ontario swine herds and tested for the presence of 5 important bacterial upper respiratory tract pathogens. All but 1 herd (2%) tested positive for Streptococcus suis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR); 48% of herds were S. suis serovar 2, 1/2 positive. In all but 2 herds there was evidence of Haemophilus parasuis infection. In contrast, toxigenic strains of Pasteurella multocida were detected by a P. multocida--enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (PMT-ELISA) in only one herd. Seventy-eight percent of the herds were diagnosed positive for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by apxIV PCR. Sera from finishing pigs on the same farms were also collected and tested by ELISA for the presence of A. pleuropneumoniae antibodies. Seventy percent of the herds tested had evidence of antibodies to A. pleuropneumoniae including serovars 1-9-11 (2%), 2 (4%), 3-6-8-15 (15%), 5 (6%), 4-7 (26%), and 12 (17%). This likely represents a shift from previous years when infection with A. pleuropneumoniae serovars 1, 5, and 7 predominated. At least 16% and possibly as many as 94% of the herds tested were Actinobacillus suis positive; only 3 of the 50 herds were both A. pleuropneumoniae and A. suis negative as judged by the absence of a positive PCR test for apxII. Taken together, these data suggest that over the past 10 years, there has been a shift in the presence of pathogenic bacteria carried by healthy Ontario swine with the virtual elimination of toxigenic strains of P. multocida and a move to less virulent A. pleuropneumoniae serovars. As well, there appears to be an increase in prevalence of S. suis serovar 2, 1/2, but this may be a reflection of the use of a more sensitive detection method. 相似文献
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R. Abdul Fiyaz D. Shivani K. Chaithanya K. Mounika M. Chiranjeevi G. S. Laha B. C. Viraktamath L. V. Subba Rao R. M. Sundaram 《水稻科学》2022,29(2):118-132
The production and productivity of rice has been challenged due to biotic and abiotic factors. Bacterial blight (BB) disease, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, is one of the important biotic stress factors, which reduces rice production by 20%–50%. The deployment of host plant resistance is the most preferred strategy for management of BB disease, and breeding disease resistant varieties remains a very economical and effective option. However, it is difficult to develop rice varieties with durable broad-spectrum resistance against BB using conventional approaches alone. Modern biotechnological tools, particularly the deployment of molecular markers, have facilitated the cloning, characterization and introgression of BB resistance genes into elite varieties. At least 46 BB resistance genes have been identified and mapped from diverse sources till date. Among these, 11 genes have been cloned and characterized. Marker-assisted breeding remains the most efficient approach to improve BB resistance by introducing two or more resistance genes into target varieties. Among the identified genes, xa5, xa13 and Xa21 are being widely used in marker-assisted breeding and more than 70 rice varieties or hybrid rice parental lines have been improved for their BB resistance alone or in combination with genes/QTLs conferring tolerance to other stress. We review the developments related to identification and utilization of various resistance genes to develop BB resistant rice varieties through marker-assisted breeding. 相似文献
9.
Girisha Ganjegunte April Ulery Genhua Niu Yanqi Wu 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2019,65(3):345-359
This column study evaluated the effects of irrigation with two water qualities (WW and FW) to produce bioenergy sorghum on SOC balance, nutrients availability and salt constituents in two soils (TX and NM) amended with gypsum & elemental sulfur (S) and un-amended. Study results indicated that SOC concentration was higher in freshwater irrigated columns (7.41 g kg?1) than wastewater irrigated soils (7.32 g kg?1) across growth year-soil type-amendments-depth. Soils amended with gypsum and sulfur registered significantly higher value of 7.52 and 7.41 g kg?1 compared to 7.30 and 7.23 g kg?1 in non-amended soils under fresh and wastewater irrigation, respectively. Lower SOC in WW irrigated columns could be due to the combined effects of increased salinity and priming effects. Although SOC content initially increased in gypsum and S amended soils to about 10g kg?1, at the end of the study SOC in all treatments decreased to levels significantly below the pre-study. WW irrigation added 2.00, 1.10 and 4.40 times the N, P and K added by fertilizers and was able to meet 65%, 87%, and 210% of bioenergy sorghum uptake of respective nutrients. Sulfates and chlorides of sodium and calcium were dominant salts, which significantly affected SOC and nutrients.
Abbreviations: FW: freshwater; WW: treated wastewater; G + S: gypsum and elemental sulfur; NA: no amendment, TX: Texas soil and NM: New Mexico soil 相似文献
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Palial Shivani Kumar Sarwan Atri Chhaya Sharma Sanjula Banga Surinder S. 《Journal of pest science》2022,95(2):749-760
Journal of Pest Science - Lipaphis erysimi is a key pest of rapeseed-mustard in Indian subcontinent. Although chemical control is the basis of its management, the unsustainability of this approach... 相似文献