Performance measure for improving irrigation management     

Ramchand Oad  R. K. Sampath 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1995,9(4):357-370

A measure to evaluate performance in irrigation systems is analyzed using the mean square prediction error concept. In the context of irrigation system management, the term error means the deviation of actual performance from a reference performance. The measure assesses performance in terms of the management objectives of adequacy and dependability of water delivery and an equitable distribution among various water users. It provides an understanding of the management capacity to schedule and distribute water in an irrigation system. Application of the performance measure is demonstrated by evaluating performance of an irrigation system in the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan.  相似文献   

Effect of pyrethroids on carbohydrate metabolic pathways in common carp,Cyprinus carpio     

K Kamalaveni  V Gopal  Ursula Sampson  D Aruna 《Pest management science》2001,57(12):1151-1154

The activity levels of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) were assessed in various tissues of Cyprinus carpio var communis which had been exposed to lethal concentrations of group‐II pyrethroids (deltamethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate and fluvalinate) for a period of 72 h. The results indicated a steady decrease in SDH activity with a concomitant increase in G6PD activity. The decreased SDH activity indicated inhibition of SDH at mitochondrial level and the increased G6PD activity an enhancement of an alternative pathway of carbohydrate metabolism, viz the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP) or pentose phosphate pathway as a biochemical adaptation to overcome the toxic stress. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Function of peritoneal mesothelial cells on the microenvironment by administration of endometrial cells     

CAO Xuan  YANG Wei-min  SONG Ming-qing  YANG Dong-zi  PARTHASARATHY Sampath 《园艺学报》2007,23(9):1837-1841

AIM: To determine the function of peritoneal mesothelial cells on the inflammatory microenvironment by administration of endometrial cells,and further define the pathogenesis of endometriosis.METHODS: Homogenous mouse endometrial epithelial and stromal cells were injected into the peritoneal cavities of Swiss Webster mice.After 4,24,and 72 h,a number of endpoints evaluated: protein concentrations of cytokine MCP-1,IL-1 α,IL-6 in peritoneal lavage and gene expressions of MCP-1,IL-1 α,IL-6 in peritoneal mesothelial cells and macrophages.RESULTS: The intraperitoneal administration of endometrial cells increased the protein expressions of cytokines in the peritoneal lavage of the recipient mice,which increased at 4-hour points and subsequently decreased with time.Gene expressions of cytokines in peritoneal mesothelial cells paralleled with the protein quantities in peritoneal lavage.The peak time of gene expression of cytokines in peritoneal macrophages was at the 24-hour point.The endometrial epithelial cells stimulated stronger inflammatory responses in the peritoneal cavity than the endometrial stromal cells.CONCLUSION: The recipient mice have a non-specific inflammatory response to the presence of endometrial cells in the peritoneal cavity.Mesothelial cells may be the targets of early inflammatory stress initiated in the presence of endometrial cells.  相似文献   

Community forestry for revitalising rural ecosystems: A case study     

Aruna K. Singh  M.K. Singh  O.A.J. Mascarenhas 《Forest Ecology and Management》1985,10(3):209-232

A case study focusing on the socio-economic and ecological aspects of a forest-based village, Debrasai, in the Singhbhum District of Bihar, India was undertaken in 1980 to evolve village-specific community forestry package programmes that could bring stability to the village both economically as well as ecologically. The village extending over 365.07 ha is inhabited by 361 people comprising 195 males and 166 females in 81 households. The villagers are by and large dependent on agriculture and forestry for their livelihood. The largest proportion of the land in the village is under agriculture whereas forests, in a highly degraded state, occupy only 5.7% of the total area. The villagers exploit the protected forests in their vicinity removing nearly 350.9 mt of fuelwood, 22.8 mt of small timber and 393.4 mt of fodder annually.The village has a manpower potential of 40 035 man days a year. Agriculture is the main source of employment at the moment absorbing 14 266 man days. The non-agricultural sector provides employment to an extent of 4433 man days. Fresh employment opportunities are needed to absorb nearly 53% of man days of the village at present unused. Three land-resource, skill-based package programmes, a tasar silk culture, an energy plantation, and dairying have been suggested to generate employment opportunities and to meet the basic needs of the villagers. About 115 ha of the hitherto neglected land resource has been located in the village to sustain such community forestry (CF) programmes. Tasar culture suggested on 35 ha will alone generate employment to an extent of 18 690 man days from the fourth year of tasar silk plantation. A plantation, to provide energy and fodder, on 25 and 30 ha respectively is expected to yield fuelwood, timber and fodder to more than satisfy village needs. A dairy has been recommended as it will generate income, provide nutrition and promote gobar gas production — an alternative energy source to fuelwood. The cost—benefit analysis of these projects indicates their economic feasibility with the cost likely to be recovered in 4.5 years. Debrasai being an agricultural village, a land-inequity compensatory scheme has been suggested for CF project net benefit sharing, ensuring reasonable benefit flows to the landless and marginal farmers.  相似文献   

Photoperiod and temperature affects seasonal ovarian gene expression of p450 aromatase and gonadotropin receptors in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) broodstock     

Eva Andersson  Sampath R. Kumar  Jared Ackers  Geir Lasse Taranger  Sigurd Olav Stefansson  John M. Trant 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2003,28(1-4):411-411

Photoperiod and temperature modulated the seasonal pattern of ovarian gene expression of P450 aromatase, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone receptor and Luteinizing Hormone receptor in Atlantic salmon broodstock.  相似文献   

Inheritance of traits associated with seed size in groundnut (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Arachis hypogaea</Emphasis> L.)     

R. Venuprasad  R. Aruna  S. N. Nigam 《Euphytica》2011,177(2):169-177

A new wheat-Thinopyrum substitution line AS1677, developed from a cross between wheat line ML-13 and wheat-Thinopyrum intermedium ssp. trichophorum partial amphiploid TE-3, was characterized by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), sequential Giemsa-C banding, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), seed storage protein electrophoresis, molecular marker analysis and disease resistance screening. Sequential Giemsa-C banding and GISH using Pseudoroegneria spicata genomic DNA as probe indicated that a pair of St-chromosomes with strong terminal bands were introduced into AS1677. FISH using pTa71 as a probe gave strong hybridization signals at the nuclear organization region and in the distal region of the short arms of the St chromosome. Moreover, FISH using the repetitive sequence pAs1 revealed that a pair of wheat 1D chromosomes was absent in accession AS1677. Seed storage proteins separated by acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (APAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) confirmed that AS1677 lacked the gliadin and glutenin bands encoded by Gli-D1 and Glu-D1, further confirming the absence of chromosome 1D. The introduced St chromosome pair belonging to homoeologous group 1 was identified by newly produced genome specific markers. AS1677 is a new 1St (1D) substitution line. When inoculated with stripe rust and powdery mildew isolates, AS1677 expressed stripe rust resistance possibly derived from its Thinopyrum parent. AS1677 can be used as a donor source for introducing novel disease resistance genes to wheat in breeding programs aided by molecular and cytogenetic markers.  相似文献   

Adjuvant and immunostimulatory effects of beta-glucan administration in combination with lipopolysaccharide enhances survival and some immune parameters in carp challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila     

Selvaraj V  Sampath K  Sekar V 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2006,114(1-2):15-24

Combined effects of beta-glucan and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on survival and immune response were studied in Cyprinus carpio that were challenged with the pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. beta-Glucan from Saccharomyces cervisiae and LPS from a virulent strain of A. hydrophila were used in this study. Different concentrations of beta-glucan+LPS mixture were administered on days 1, 7, and 14 through different routes (intraperitoneal injection, bathing, and oral administration). Control and test fish were challenged by intraperitoneal injection of LD50 concentration of A. hydrophila on day 16 and subsequently, mortality and relative percent survival (RPS) were recorded. Intraperitoneal injection elicited 100% RPS even at the lowest concentration (100 microg beta-glucan+10 microg LPS); whereas, oral administration improved RPS rate of carps at higher concentration (1% beta-glucan+0.25% LPS). Bathing did not improve the RPS. Test animals injected with even the minimum dose of the immunomodulators (100 microg beta-glucan+10 microg LPS/fish) had a significant increase in total blood leukocyte counts and an increase in the proportion of neutrophils and monocytes. Superoxide anion production by macrophages was also elevated, which presumably aided the efficient killing of bacterial pathogen. Lower concentration of beta-glucan+LPS had an adjuvant effect on antibody production as pretreatment by injection of 100 microg beta-glucan+10 microg LPS/fish resulted in higher antibody titer against A. hydrophila following vaccination. RT-PCR analyses showed that the expression of interleukin-1beta mRNA did not increase in test fish when compared with the control. Classical and alternative complement pathways were not affected by either the dose or the route of administration of the compounds. It may be concluded that intraperitoneal injection and oral administration, and not the bathing, of beta-glucan+LPS mixture in carp could enhance resistance to challenge by A. hydrophila through changes in several non-specific and specific immune responses.  相似文献   

Novel and simple approach using synthesized nickel nanoparticles to control blood-sucking parasites     

Govindasamy Rajakumar  Abdul Abdul Rahuman  Kanayairam Velayutham  Jeyaraman Ramyadevi  Kadarkaraithangam Jeyasubramanian  Arumugam Marikani  Gandhi Elango  Chinnaperumal Kamaraj  Thirunavukkarasu Santhoshkumar  Sampath Marimuthu  Abdul Abduz Zahir  Asokan Bagavan  Chidambaram Jayaseelan  Arivarasan Vishnu Kirthi  Moorthy Iyappan  Chinnadurai Siva 《Veterinary parasitology》2013,191(3-4):332-339

The present study was on assessment of the anti-parasitic activities of nickel nanoparticles (Ni NPs) against the larvae of cattle ticks Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Hyalomma anatolicum (a.) anatolicum (Acari: Ixodidae), fourth instar larvae of Anopheles subpictus, Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex gelidus (Diptera: Culicidae). The metallic Ni NPs were synthesized by polyol process from Ni-hydrazine as precursor and Tween 80 as both the medium and the stabilizing reagent. The synthesized Ni NPs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis which indicated the presence of Ni NPs. Synthesized Ni NPs showed the X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks at 42.76°, 53.40°, and 76.44°, identified as 1 1 1, 2 2 0, and 2 0 0 reflections, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the synthesized Ni NPs clearly showed that the Ni NPs were spherical in shape with an average size of 150 nm. The Ni NPs showed maximum activity against the larvae of R. (B.) microplus, H. a. anatolicum, A. subpictus, C. quinquefasciatus and C. gelidus with LC₅₀ values of 10.17, 10.81, 4.93, 5.56 and 4.94 mg/L; r² values of 0.990, 0.993, 0.992, 0.950 and 0.988 and the efficacy of Ni-hydrazine complexes showed the LC₅₀ values of 20.35, 22.72, 8.29, 9.69 and 7.83 mg/L; r² values of 0.988, 0.986, 0.989, 0.944 and 0.978, respectively. The findings revealed that synthesized Ni NPs possess excellent larvicidal parasitic activity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on larvicidal activity of blood feeding parasites using synthesized Ni NPs.  相似文献   

An analysis of the water management performance of small holder irrigation schemes in Zimbabwe     

Godswill Makombe  Johannes M. Makadho  Rajan K. Sampath 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1998,12(3):253-263

This paper analyses the water management performance of small holder irrigation systems in Zimbabwe. The government and farmer managed systems are compared in terms of their ability to match desired with actual water supply. Desired supply is defined as crop water requirements adjusted downwards by rainfall where relevant. The Theil measure of accuracy of forecasts is used to calculate the error committed by each system in trying to match water supply and demand. The analysis shows that, everything else being equal, the farmer managed system performs better than the government system in matching supply and demand. This means that the farmer managed systems should be encouraged for future small holder irrigation development in Zimbabwe.  相似文献   

从形态学特征和腐殖质组分谈内蒙古黑垆土的演化     

阿茹娜  李霞  乌力更 《内蒙古农业大学学报(自然科学版)》1998,(4)

黑垆土作为１个独立的土类,在内蒙古自治区南部温带地区分布有其特殊意义。该土类的形态学特征是具有深厚的暗褐色的腐殖质层,耕作层较黄土高原的黑垆土薄,无古老的耕作层;土体中有碳酸盐假菌丝状新生体、碳酸盐含量较低在１％上下。腐殖质含量较低在１％～３％,胡敏酸和富里酸比值在剖面中下部达到２以上,胡敏素相对含量较低,一般不超５０％。该区域分布的黑垆土是温带草甸草原黑钙土演变的结果。  相似文献