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Adipose tissue expresses adipokines, which are involved in regulation of energy expenditure, lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. To adapt for the transition from pregnancy to lactation, particularly in high-yielding dairy cows, adipokines, their receptors, and particular G-protein coupled receptors (GPRs) are of potential importance. Signaling by GPR 41 stimulates leptin release via activation by short-chain fatty acids; GPR 43/109A inhibits lipolysis, and GPR 109A thereby mediates the lipid-lowering effects of nicotinic acid and β–hydroxybutyrate. The aim of this study was to compare the mRNA expression of adiponectin and visfatin, adiponectin receptors 1 and 2 (AdipoR1/2), leptin receptor (obRb), insulin receptor as of the aforementioned GPRs during the transition period in high-yielding dairy cows. Biopsies from subcutaneous fat and blood samples were obtained from 10 dairy cows 1 week before and 3 weeks after calving. For AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 mRNA abundance as well as for leptin concentrations in plasma, a reduction (P ≤ .05) was observed postpartum; for visfatin and putative GPR 109A mRNA abundance in adipose tissue, there was a trend (P < .1) for analogous changes. In contrast, the mRNA content of obRb and GPR 41 in adipose tissue was higher (P ≤ .05) in samples from early lactation than in those from late gestation. Our results indicate decreasing adiponectin sensitivity in adipose tissue after calving, which might be involved in the reduced insulin sensitivity of adipose tissue during early lactation. In addition, visfatin, GPR 41, and GPR 109A may further modulate insulin sensitivity. 相似文献
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Donat K Schau U Soschinka A 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2011,124(9-10):360-367
In herds with known prevalence (P) use of environmental sampling (ES) to detect Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infected cattle herds was proofed in relation to P. In 31 MAP-infected free stall dairy herds and 15 non-infected herds P was defined by annually repeated whole herd testing by fecal culture (34 877 individual samples). Eight infected herds had a very low (> 0-2%), 14 a low (> 2-5%), four a medium (> 5-10%), and five a high P (> 10%). A mean number of nine environmental samples per herd were collected from the floor of lactating cows, milking, calving and sick cow areas and the crossover to the calf area. After twelve weeks cultivation on HEYM-medium with and without mycobactin positive samples were further characterized by PCR. All non-infected herds (100%) showed negative and 22 (71%) of the infected herds positive results in ES. Nine infected herds with negative ES results had a low P (0.04-4,04%). Proportion of positive ES depended on P and on sampling areas with 53.3% positive results in lactating cow areas and 45.2% in milking areas. For P > 5%, ES in these two areas caused a positive herd status; herds with P < 5% required sampling in the other areas too. The ES method has a herd sensitivity of 87% for dairy herds with P > 2% and provides an efficient tool to determine MAP infection status or herd prevalence. 相似文献
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Iris Zimmermann Stefan Filser Anneka Mordhorst Heiner Fleige Rainer Horn 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2019,182(4):578-585
The application of quicklime (CaO) to soil backfill for the amelioration of poorly aerated grave soils (sandy loam) was tested in a cemetery in Germany. Two grave simulations (soil pits 9 m × 2 m × 1.6 m, l × w × d) were set up. Variation sans was only excavated and refilled, while in variation qlm, 20 kg quicklime per m3 soil were added to the backfill. Soil matric potential and gas composition were recorded over a period of 24 months in the two refilled pits and in the surrounding undisturbed soil (ref) at the 50 cm and 135 cm depths, respectively. Soil samples were taken in the beginning from ref and in three‐month intervals from the treatments sans and qlm. Soil pH and CaCO3 content, as well as bulk density (ρB), air capacity (AC), air conductivity (kl), and saturated hydraulic conductivity (ks) were measured. Excavation and backfill of the untreated soil (sans) led to an increase in ρB at the 50 and 90 cm depths and decreases in AC, kl, and ks when compared to ref. Quicklime application led to an increase in pH, the formation of CaCO3 in the formerly carbonate‐free soil, consistently reduced ρB, and increased AC, kl and ks. Although the quicklime application did not lead to notably more negative matric potentials, it increased the O2 concentration in the soil air and reduced the CO2 concentration to zero. The results show that the application of quicklime helps the structural amelioration of cemetery soils even at relatively low clay contents. 相似文献
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A. Lemor M. Mielenz M. Altmann E. Von Borell H. Sauerwein 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2010,94(5):e96-e101
Adipose tissue (AT) expresses adipokines, which are involved in the regulation of energy expenditure, lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Visceral (v.c.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) depots largely differ concerning their metabolic characteristics as to the control of lipolysis and the sensitivity to insulin. The adipokines adiponectin, leptin and visfatin influence lipolysis and insulin sensitivity. Signalling by G‐protein coupled receptor 41 (GPR 41) stimulates leptin release via activation by short‐chain fatty acids. We hypothesized that the metabolic differences between v.c. and s.c. fat depots may also apply to the expression of adiponectin, its receptors, leptin, visfatin, insulin receptor (IR) and GPR 41. Therefore, we aimed to compare the mRNA expression of adiponectin, leptin and visfatin, of the adiponectin receptors 1 and 2 (AdipoR1/2) and IR as well of GPR 41 between several s.c. and v.c. fat depots in sheep. Samples from 10 rams were collected at slaughter (40 kg BW) from three s.c. depots, i.e. close to sternum (s.c.S), close to withers (s.c.W), and at the base of tail (s.c.T), and from two v.c. depots, i.e. from perirenal (v.c.P) and omental (v.c.O) fat. The mRNAs of both adiponectin receptors, as well as IR and putative GPR 41, were higher expressed in v.c. fat than in s.c. fat (p ≤ 0.05). Leptin mRNA abundance was greater in s.c. than in v.c. fat (mean ± SEM: s.c.: 2.55 ± 0.81; v.c.: 0.66 ± 0.21) and also differed among the five separately measured fat depots. Our results show differences in mRNA abundance for leptin, AdipoR1 and R2, as well as for IR and GPR 41 in s.c. compared with v.c. fat, thus confirming the need for individual consideration of distinct fat depots, when aiming to characterize adipose functions in ruminants. 相似文献
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