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Corinna Kashuba Charlie Hsu Aric Krogstad Craig Franklin 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice》2005,8(1):107-122
Most viral infections in small mammals are transient and rarely produce clinical signs. When clinical signs do appear, they are often of a multifactorial etiology such as respiratory infection with Sendai virus and the bacteria M. pulmonis in rodents. Diagnosis is generally made based on clinical signs, while therapy involves treatment for concurrent bacterial infections and supportive care. Small mammals may carry zoonotic viruses such as LCMV, but natural infections are uncommon. Viral diseases are rare (or largely unknown) for hedgehogs, chinchillas, and prairie dogs, while no known naturally occurring, clinically relevant viral diseases exist for gerbils and sugar gliders. This article is intended to aid the clinician in identifying viral infections in small mammals and to help determine the significance each virus has during clinical disease. 相似文献
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McNicholas WT Wilkens BE Blevins WE Snyder PW McCabe GP Applewhite AA Laverty PH Breur GJ 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2002,221(12):1731-1736
OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical, radiographic, and histologic abnormalities in adult cats > 1 year old with spontaneous (ie, nontraumatic) femoral capital physeal fractures. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 26 cats. PROCEDURE: Medical records of cats > 1 year old with femoral capital physeal fractures and no history of trauma were examined. RESULTS: Mean +/- SD age of the cats was 22.5 +/- 6.5 months. Twenty-five cats were neutered males. Mean weight of the cats was significantly greater than mean weight of a group of age- and sex-matched control cats. Of 16 cats for which age at the time of neutering was known, 14 had been neutered before 6 months of age. Nine cats had bilateral fractures. Severity of femoral neck osteolysis and sclerosis increased with increased duration of clinical signs. The contralateral femoral capital physis, distal femoral physes, and proximal tibial physes were radiographically open in 13 of 18,19 of 24, and 24 of 24 cats, respectively. Histologically, the epiphysis contained normal articular cartilage and bone, but attached growth plate cartilage lacked the normal columnar arrangement of chondrocytes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that adult cats with spontaneous femoral capital physeal fractures were most likely to be heavier, neutered males with delayed physeal closure. 相似文献
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Efflux of chloroquine from Plasmodium falciparum: mechanism of chloroquine resistance 总被引：33，自引：0，他引：33
D J Krogstad I Y Gluzman D E Kyle A M Oduola S K Martin W K Milhous P H Schlesinger 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1987,238(4831):1283-1285
Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum accumulate significantly less chloroquine than susceptible parasites, and this is thought to be the basis of their resistance. However, the reason for the lower accumulation of chloroquine was unknown. The resistant parasite has now been found to release chloroquine 40 to 50 times more rapidly than the susceptible parasite, although their initial rates of chloroquine accumulation are the same. Verapamil and two other calcium channel blockers, as well as vinblastine and daunomycin, each slowed the release and increased the accumulation of chloroquine by resistant (but not susceptible) Plasmodium falciparum. These results suggest that a higher rate of chloroquine release explains the lower chloroquine accumulation, and thus the resistance observed in resistant Plasmodium falciparum. 相似文献
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To avoid over‐fertilization of potassium (K) and thereby a mineral composition in the grass crop not optimal for animal health, estimation of K release from soil is important. The analytical methods should therefore predict the total K release. Furthermore, to minimize costs for the farmers they should provide information which remains valid over a period of several years. The relationship between different soil extraction procedures for K and K uptake in ley for three subsequent years after soil sampling was studied in 19 field experiments on a range of mineral soil types in Norway. Potassium determined with solutions that extracted exchangeable K or parts of exchangeable K (0.01 M CaCl2, 0.5 M NaHCO3, 1 M NH4oAc, or ammonium acetate lactate) was significantly (p < 0.05) related to the K yield only in the 1st yr after soil sampling. Potassium extracted with boiling in 1 M or 2 M HNO3 was significantly related to the K yield only in the 2nd and 3rd yr. Potassium extracted with cold 2 M HCl, boiling 0.1 M HNO3 or 0.5 M HNO3 was significantly related to the K yield in all 3 yr after soil sampling. Among these extractants, 0.1 M and 0.5 M HNO3‐extractable K were better predictors of K uptake than 2 M HCl‐extractable K. These three extractants release some non‐exchangeable K in addition to exchangeable K. The fraction of 1 M HNO3‐K extractable with 0.1 M HNO3 varied from 4% to 45%, whereas from 15% to 78% of 1 M HNO3‐K was extractable with 0.5 M HNO3. Consequently, the more easily releasable fraction of K extracted by boiling with 1 M HNO3 varied considerably between different sites. 相似文献
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Aric P Krogstad Janet E Simpson Scott W Korte 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice》2005,8(1):123-138
Viral disease in the rabbit is encountered infrequently by the clinical practitioner; however, several viral diseases were reported to occur in this species. Viral diseases that are described in the rabbit primarily may affect the integument, gastrointestinal tract or, central nervous system or maybe multi-systemic in nature. Rabbit viral diseases range from oral papillomatosis, with benign clinical signs, to rabbit hemorrhagic disease and myxomatosis, which may result in significant clinical disease and mortality. The wild rabbit may serve as a reservoir for disease transmission for many of these viral agents. In general, treatment of viral disease in the rabbit is supportive in nature. 相似文献
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Yersinia enterocolitica infection in goat. A serological and bacteriological investigation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
O Krogstad 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》1974,15(4):597-608
The distribution of agglutinating antibodies to Yersinia enterocolitica type 2 in sera from goats in an infected herd, and in 190 other animals from different parts of the country was studied. The faecal excretion of Yersinia enterocolitica from the same animals was also examined. Experimental inoculations of two goats were carried out. The serological results indicate that subclinical cases had occurred in the infected herd during the enzooty and during the following months. Faecal excretion of the organism was observed during the first month after the acute phase of the disease. It was found to be difficult to induce the disease experimentally, but clinical signs were observed in 1 goat after injection of live Yersinia enterocolitica intraperitoneally. The Widal-titre rose to 1/1250 during the first 2 weeks after the inoculation and then fell to 1/80 during the next 2 months. The serological results indicate infections with Yersinia enterocolitica, if a Widal-titre of at least 1/80–1/160 in the first month after the acute phase of a disease and a fall to a low level during the following months are found. Among animals from different partst of the country 16.3 % had a Widal-titre which indicated infection with Yersinia enterocolitica during the previous 3–6 months. 相似文献
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L. Aresu A. Aricò S. Comazzi M. E. Gelain F. Riondato M. Mortarino E. Morello D. Stefanello M. Castagnaro 《Veterinary and comparative oncology》2014,12(1):29-36
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and 9 are useful biomarkers in human lymphoma. During cancerogenesis, transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) stimulates VEGF and MMPs production. VEGF and TGF‐β plasma levels were tested by ELISA, MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 by gelatine zymography in 37 dogs with lymphoma, 13 of which were also monitored during chemotherapy. Ten healthy dogs served as control. Lymphoma dogs showed higher act‐MMP‐9 (P < 0.01) and VEGF (P < 0.05), and lower TGF‐β than controls, and a positive correlation between act‐MMP‐9 and VEGF (P < 0.001). Act‐MMP‐9 and VEGF were significantly higher in T‐cell lymphomas, and in stage V compared with stages III–IV disease, regardless of immunophenotype. VEGF was higher in high‐grade compared with low‐grade T‐cell lymphomas. No correlation was found between cytokines levels at presentation and outcome. During chemotherapy, act‐MMP‐9 and VEGF decreased in B‐cell lymphomas (P < 0.01), suggesting a possible predictive role in this group of dogs. 相似文献
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Krogstad EJ Balakrishnan S Mukhopadhyay DK Rajamani V Hanson GN 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1989,243(4896):1337-1340
The Archean Kolar Schist Belt, south India, is a suture zone where two gneiss terranes and at least two amphibolite terranes with distinct histories were accrted. Amphibolites from the eastern and western sides of the schist belt have distinct incompatible element and isotopic characteristics sugesting that their volcanic protoliths were derived from dint mantle sources. The amphibolite and gneiss terranes were juxtaposed by horizontal compression and shearing between 2530 and 2420 million years ago (Ma) along a zone marked by the Kolar Schist Belt. This history of accretion of discrete crustal terranes resembles those of Phanerozoic convergent margins and thus suggests that plate tectonics operated on Earth by 2500 Ma. 相似文献