ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF ADRENAL GLAND SIZE COMPARED TO BODY WEIGHT IN NORMAL DOGS          下载免费PDF全文

Stacy N. Soulsby  Merrilee Holland  Judith A. Hudson  Ellen N. Behrend 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2015,56(3):317-326

The accepted cut‐off value for adrenal gland maximum diameter of 0.74 cm to distinguish adrenal gland enlargement in dogs regardless of body weight may not be appropriate for small to medium breed dogs. The purpose of the current retrospective study was to examine adrenal gland dimensions as a function of body weight in healthy dogs in three weight categories (< 10 kg, 10–30 kg, and > 30 kg) representing small, medium, and large breeds, respectively, to establish greater confidence in determining if adrenal gland size is abnormal. The measurements of length (sagittal plane), cranial and caudal pole thickness (sagittal and transverse planes), and caudal pole width (transverse plane) of both adrenal glands were obtained ultrasonographically in clinically healthy dogs (n = 45) with 15 dogs in each weight group. Findings support our hypothesis that adrenal gland size correlates with body weight in normal dogs, and more precise reference intervals should be created for adrenal gland size by categorizing dogs as small, medium, or large breed. The caudal pole thickness of either adrenal gland in a sagittal plane was the best dimension for evaluating adrenal gland size based on low variability, ease, and reliability in measurement.  相似文献   

Plasma protein levels as potential marker traits for resistance to furunculosis   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

R. SALTE  H. M. GJØEN  K. NORBERG  T. GJEDREM 《Journal of fish diseases》1993,16(6):561-568

Abstract. The feasibility of including individual records on correlated traits in a family selection programme which aims to increase resistance to furunculosis in Atlantic salmon was studied; markers were selected because of their potential role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Fibrinogen and α₂-antiplasmin both show genetic variation; both are correlated with survival after challenge with Aeromonas salmonicida , the correlation being 0·44 and 0·37 ( P < 0·05), respectively, and it is possible to measure both on a large scale at low costs. Contrary to α₂-antiplasmin, fibrinogen was negatively correlated with survival due to furunculosis within the 10 most resistant families and within the 10 most susceptible families in contrast to an overall positive correlation. This inconsistency could be attributable to the presence of different allelic phases in different families, and of major linked loci influencing survival and fibrinogen levels. Thus, only α₂-antiplasmin fulfils the requirements for a marker trait for resistance to the disease suitable for individual selection at the population level, whereas the use of fibrinogen would be restricted to within family selection. The full statistical model explained 51% of the variation in resistance to furunculosis, and α₂-antiplasmin contributed 15% to this variation when considered as a separate entity. Thus, the additional gain from including individual records on α₂-antiplasmin in a family selection programme could be significant.  相似文献   

Ocular metastasis of a vaccine-associated fibrosarcoma in a cat     

M. Cohen  E. A. Sartin  E. M. Whitley  R. D. Whitley  A. N. Smith  W. R. Brawner  R. Henderson  E. N. Behrend 《Veterinary and comparative oncology》2003,1(4):232-240

A 6‐year‐old, neutered male domestic shorthair cat was evaluated for a recurrent vaccine‐associated fibrosarcoma. The cat had three excisions of the tumour prior to presentation and was referred for radiation therapy. Ten months following treatment with radiation therapy, the cat was presented again for a cloudy appearance to the eye. An exenteration was performed, and biopsy revealed fibrosarcoma. At the same time, two discrete pulmonary nodules were identified on thoracic radiographs. Two doses of doxorubicin (20 mg/m²) and cyclophosphamide (100 mg/m²) were administered intravenously 3 weeks apart. Despite treatment, the pulmonary nodule doubled in size. This case represents the first antemortem report of ocular metastasis of a vaccine‐associated sarcoma and supports the highly aggressive nature of these tumours.  相似文献   

Serum 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and corticosterone concentrations in dogs with nonadrenal neoplasia and dogs with suspected hyperadrenocorticism     

Behrend EN  Kemppainen RJ  Boozer AL  Whitley EM  Smith AN  Busch KA 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2005,227(11):1762-1767

OBJECTIVE: To assess serum 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) and corticosterone concentrations in dogs with nonadrenal neoplasia and dogs being screened for hyperadrenocorticism. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 16 clinically normal dogs, 35 dogs with nonadrenal neoplasia, and 127 dogs with suspected hyperadrenocorticism. PROCEDURE: ACTH stimulation tests were performed in all dogs. Baseline serum cortisol and corticosterone concentrations were measured in the healthy dogs; baseline serum cortisol concentration and ACTH-stimulated cortisol, corticosterone, and 17OHP concentrations were measured in all dogs. Endogenous plasma ACTH concentration was also measured before administration of ACTH in dogs with neoplasia. RESULTS: In 35 dogs with neoplasia, 31.4% had high serum 17OHP concentration and 22.9% had high serum corticosterone concentration. Of the 127 dogs with suspected hyperadrenocorticism, 59 (46.5%) had high ACTH-stimulated cortisol concentrations; of those, 42 of 59 (71.2%) and 32 of 53 (60.4%) had high serum 17OHP and corticosterone concentrations, respectively. Of dogs with serum cortisol concentration within reference range after ACTH administration, 9 of 68 (13.2%) and 7 of 67 (10.4%) had high serum 17OHP and corticosterone concentrations, respectively. In the dogs with neoplasia and dogs suspected of having hyperadrenocorticism, post-ACTH serum hormone concentrations were significantly correlated. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Serum concentrations of 17OHP or corticosterone after administration of ACTH may be high in dogs with nonadrenal neoplasia and no evidence of hyperadrenocorticism. Changes in serum 17OHP or corticosterone concentrations after administration of ACTH are proportionate with changes in cortisol concentration.  相似文献   

Effects of oral administration of controlled-ileal-release budesonide and assessment of pituitary-adrenocortical axis suppression in clinically normal dogs     

Stroup ST  Behrend EN  Kemppainen RJ  Smith-Carr S 《American journal of veterinary research》2006,67(7):1173-1178

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of oral administration of controlled-ileal-release (CIR) budesonide on the pituitary-adrenal axis in dogs with a normal gastrointestinal mucosal barrier. ANIMALS: 10 healthy dogs. PROCEDURES: 5 dogs received CIR budesonide orally once daily for days 1 through 28, and 5 dogs received placebo. Treatment group dogs that weighed < 18 kg received 2 mg of CIR budesonide; treatment group dogs that weighed > or = 18 kg received 3 mg of CIR budesonide. In the treatment and placebo groups, there were 3 and 2 dogs, respectively, that weighed > 18 kg. Plasma cortisol concentration before and after ACTH stimulation, basal plasma endogenous ACTH concentration, and body weight were measured on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. Serum biochemical analysis, CBC determination, and urinalysis were performed on days 0, 28, and 35. On days 7, 14, and 21, serum ALP and ALT activities, serum glucose concentration, and urine specific gravity were obtained in lieu of a full hematologic evaluation and urinalysis. RESULTS: Basal and post-ACTH stimulation plasma cortisol concentrations and plasma endogenous ACTH concentration were significantly suppressed by treatment. No other variables were altered over the course of the study. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Budesonide suppresses pituitary-adrenal function in dogs with normal gastrointestinal integrity, whereas other variables often affected by glucocorticoids were not altered by a 4-week treatment course. Budesonide may be a good alternative to traditional cortico-steroids if used short-term for acute exacerbations of inflammatory bowel disease.  相似文献   

Seasonal variation in results of diagnostic tests for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in older, clinically normal geldings     

CM Schreiber  AJ Stewart  E Kwessi  EN Behrend  JC Wright  RJ Kemppainen  KA Busch 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2012,241(2):241-248

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Seasonal changes in the combined glucose-insulin tolerance test in normal aged horses     

Funk RA  Wooldridge AA  Stewart AJ  Behrend EN  Kemppainen RJ  Zhong Q  Johnson AK 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2012,26(4):1035-1041

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Pituitary-adrenal function in dogs with acute critical illness     

Martin LG  Groman RP  Fletcher DJ  Behrend EN  Kemppainen RJ  Moser VR  Hickey KC 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2008,233(1):87-95

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate pituitary-adrenal function in critically ill dogs with sepsis, severe trauma, and gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV). DESIGN: Cohort study. ANIMALS: 31 ill dogs admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) at Washington State University or the University of Pennsylvania; all dogs had acute critical illness for < 48 hours prior to admission. PROCEDURES: Baseline and ACTH-stimulated serum cortisol concentrations and baseline plasma ACTH concentrations were assayed for each dog within 24 hours after admission to the ICU. The change in cortisol concentrations (Delta-cortisol) was calculated for each dog. Morbidity and mortality data were recorded for each patient. RESULTS: Overall, 17 of 31 (55%) acutely critically ill dogs had at least 1 biochemical abnormality suggestive of adrenal gland or pituitary gland insufficiency. Only 1 (3%) dog had an exaggerated response to ACTH stimulation. Dogs with Delta-cortisol < or = 83 nmol/L were 5.7 times as likely to be receiving vasopressors as were dogs with Delta-cortisol > 83 nmol/L. No differences were detected among dogs with sepsis, severe trauma, or GDV with respect to mean baseline and ACTH-stimulated serum cortisol concentrations, Delta-cortisol, and baseline plasma ACTH concentrations. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Biochemical abnormalities of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis indicative of adrenal gland or pituitary gland insufficiency were common in critically ill dogs, whereas exaggerated responses to ACTH administration were uncommon. Acutely ill dogs with Delta-cortisol < or = 83 nmol/L may be more likely to require vasopressors as part of the treatment plan.  相似文献   

Treatment of hyperadrenocorticism in dogs: a survey of internists and dermatologists.     

E N Behrend  R J Kemppainen  T P Clark  M D Salman  M E Peterson 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1999,215(7):938-943

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Isolation or Molecular Detection of Bartonella henselae and Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii from Dogs with Idiopathic Cavitary Effusions     

N.A. Cherry  P.P.V.P. Diniz  R.G. Maggi  J.B. Hummel  E.M. Hardie  E.N. Behrend  E. Rozanski  T.C. DeFrancesco  M.B. Cadenas  E.B. Breitschwerdt 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2009,23(1):186-189

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