Studies on pesticides based on coumarin. III. Synthesis and antifungal activity of substituted 4-methyl-coumarins and related compounds     

Rajvir Singh  Mrs V. Abrol  Bharat B. Gupta  Om P. Malik 《Pest management science》1988,23(2):103-107

A series of substituted 4-methylcoumarins was synthesised and the members tested for their toxicity towards mycelial growth of seven phytopathogenic fungi in culture. Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria alternata and Fusarium solani exhibited maximum sensitivity to these compounds whereas Pythium aphanidermatum, Colletotrichum falcatum, Drechslera oryzae and Macrophomina phaseolina were relatively less sensitive. 6-Ethyl-3-n- propyl-7-hydroxy4-methylcoumarin ( I ) was relatively toxic towards all fungi except C. falcatum, P. aphanidermatum and M. phaseolina. The 6-n-butyl ( III ) and 6-(1, 1, 3, 3-tetramethylbutyl) ( VI ) derivatives were highly toxic to R. solani with EC₅₀, values of lμg ml^?1.  相似文献   

Studies on pesticides based on coumarin. II. Synthesis and antifungal activity of ten 2-alkyl-7, 8-dihydro-3-hydroxynaphtho[1,2-c]chromen-6-ones     

Bharat B. Gupta  Raj V. Singh  Om P. Malik  Hans R. Kataria 《Pest management science》1987,21(1):51-55

A series of 2-alkyl-7, 8-dihydro-3-hydroxynaphtho[1,2-c]chromen-6-ones was synthesised by the condensation of ethyl 3, 4-dihydro-1-oxonaphthalene-2-carboxylate with substituted phenols in the presence of POCl₃. The compounds were characterised and tested for their toxicity towards the mycelial growth of seven phytopathogenic fungi in culture. Drechslera oryzae, Rhizoctonia solani and Colletotrichum falcatum exhibited maximum sensitivity to these compounds whereas Macro-phomina phaseolina, Fusarium solani, Alternaria alternata and Pythium aphanidermatum were less sensitive. 2-Ethyl-7, 8-dihydro-3-hydroxy-naphtho[1,2-c]chromen-6-ones possessed greatest toxicity with EC₅₀ values ranging from 0.2 to 2.5 μg ml^?1 against all fungi except A. alternata and P. aphanidermatum.  相似文献   

Seasonal dynamics of mineral N pools and N-mineralization in soils under homegarden trees in South Andaman,India     

Chandra Bhushan Pandey  Ram Bahal Rai  Lalita Singh 《Agroforestry Systems》2007,71(1):57-66

Agroforestry trees are now well known to play a central role in the build up of nutrients pools and their transformations similar to that of forest ecosystem, however, information on the potential of homegarden trees accumulating and releasing nitrogen (mineralization) is lacking. The present study reports seasonal variations in pool sizes of mineral N (NH₄⁺-N and NO₃⁻-N), and net N-mineralization rate in relation to rainfall and temperature under coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), clove (Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb) and nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt. Nees) trees in a coconut-spice trees plantation for two annual cycles in the equatorial humid climate of South Andaman Island of India. Concentration of NH₄⁺-N was the highest during wet season (May–October) and the lowest during post-wet season (November–January) under all the tree species. On the contrary, concentration of NO₃⁻-N was the lowest in the wet season and the highest during the post-wet season. However, concentrations of the mineral N were the highest under the nutmeg and the lowest under the coconut trees. Like the pool sizes, mean annual mineralization was the highest under the nutmeg (561 mg kg⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and the lowest under the coconut trees (393 mg kg⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Rate of mineralization was the highest during the post-wet season and the lowest during the dry season (February–April) under all the tree species. High rainfall during the wet season, however, reduced the rate of nitrification under all the tree species. The mean annual mineralization was logarithmically related with rainfall amount and mean monthly temperature.  相似文献   

One-step continuous coating of silver nanoparticles on well aligned fibers of PAI/PTACM     

Bharat Bajaj  Bin Kim  Sangjun Yoon  Jaerock Lee  Byungki Park 《Fibers and Polymers》2014,15(1):47-56

Highly aligned ultrafine fibers of Poly (amide-co-imide) PAI (torlon)/Poly (trimellitic anhydride chloride-co-4, 4′-methylene dianiline) (PTACM) blends have been prepared by using mechano-electrospinning. Employing a mixed solvent system of DMSO and THF alongwith water coagulation bath as a medium, continuous fibers with improved mechanical properties have been obtained. The continuity of the fibers is strongly dependent on the solvent mixing ratio of DMSO and THF (6:4). Continuous fibers with the most uniform diameter are obtained when a 30 % of PAI and PTACM (1:1) resins by weight is used in the blending solution. The aligned fibers are further coated with silver nanoparticles using a one-step process by passing the electrospunned fibers through PEG solution and a silver precursor solution followed by reduction in a continuous process. The advantage of our method lies in a uniform silver coating on a single fiber that can be coated continuously on a larger length scale (～Km). The mechanical properties of these fibers are dramatically improved after their alignment. Better electrical conductivity is obtained for these fibers after they are coated with silver nanoparticles. The highly aligned silver decorated fibers utilizes a novel electroless continuous process using Polyethylene glycol (PEG), which shows good binding properties and can be used for various bio and electronic applications.  相似文献   

Tillage, cover crops, and nitrogen fertilization effects on soil nitrogen and cotton and sorghum yields     

Upendra M. Sainju  Wayne F. Whitehead  Bharat P. Singh  Shirley Wang 《European Journal of Agronomy》2006,25(4):372-382

Sustainable soil and crop management practices that reduce soil erosion and nitrogen (N) leaching, conserve soil organic matter, and optimize cotton and sorghum yields still remain a challenge. We examined the influence of three tillage practices (no-till, strip till and chisel till), four cover crops {legume [hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth)], nonlegume [rye (Secaele cereale L.)], vetch/rye biculture and winter weeds or no cover crop}, and three N fertilization rates (0, 60–65 and 120–130 kg N ha⁻¹) on soil inorganic N content at the 0–30 cm depth and yields and N uptake of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. A field experiment was conducted on Dothan sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Plinthic Paleudults) from 1999 to 2002 in Georgia, USA. Nitrogen supplied by cover crops was greater with vetch and vetch/rye biculture than with rye and weeds. Soil inorganic N at the 0–10 and 10–30 cm depths increased with increasing N rate and were greater with vetch than with rye and weeds in April 2000 and 2002. Inorganic N at 0–10 cm was also greater with vetch than with rye in no-till, greater with vetch/rye than with rye and weeds in strip till, and greater with vetch than with rye and weeds in chisel till. In 2000, cotton lint yield and N uptake were greater in no-till with rye or 60 kg N ha⁻¹ than in other treatments, but biomass (stems + leaves) yield and N uptake were greater with vetch and vetch/rye than with rye or weeds, and greater with 60 and 120 than with 0 kg N ha⁻¹. In 2001, sorghum grain yield, biomass yield, and N uptake were greater in strip till and chisel till than in no-till, and greater in vetch and vetch/rye with or without N than in rye and weeds with 0 or 65 kg N ha⁻¹. In 2002, cotton lint yield and N uptake were greater in chisel till, rye and weeds with 0 or 60 kg N ha⁻¹ than in other treatments, but biomass N uptake was greater in vetch/rye with 60 kg N ha⁻¹ than in rye and weeds with 0 or 60 kg N ha⁻¹. Increased N supplied by hairy vetch or 120–130 kg N ha⁻¹ increased soil N availability, sorghum grain yield, cotton and sorghum biomass yields, and N uptake but decreased cotton lint yield and lint N uptake compared with rye, weeds or 0 kg N ha⁻¹. Cotton and sorghum yields and N uptake can be optimized and potentials for soil erosion and N leaching can be reduced by using conservation tillage, such as no-till or strip till, with vetch/rye biculture cover crop and 60–65 kg N ha⁻¹. The results can be applied in regions where cover crops can be grown in the winter to reduce soil erosion and N leaching and where tillage intensity and N fertilization rates can be minimized to reduce the costs of energy requirement for tillage and N fertilization while optimizing crop production.  相似文献   

Cover crop effect on soil carbon fractions under conservation tillage cotton   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Upendra M. Sainju  Harry H. Schomberg  Bharat P. Singh  Wayne F. Whitehead  P. Glynn Tillman  Sharon L. Lachnicht-Weyers 《Soil & Tillage Research》2007,96(1-2):205-218

Cover crops may influence soil carbon (C) sequestration and microbial biomass and activities by providing additional residue C to soil. We examined the influence of legume [crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.)], nonlegume [rye (Secale cereale L.)], blend [a mixture of legumes containing balansa clover (Trifolium michelianum Savi), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), and crimson clover], and rye + blend mixture cover crops on soil C fractions at the 0–150 mm depth from 2001 to 2003. Active fractions of soil C included potential C mineralization (PCM) and microbial biomass C (MBC) and slow fraction as soil organic C (SOC). Experiments were conducted in Dothan sandy loam (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic, Plinthic Kandiudults) under dryland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in central Georgia and in Tifton loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Plinthic Kandiudults) under irrigated cotton in southern Georgia, USA. Both dryland and irrigated cotton were planted in strip tillage system where planting rows were tilled, thereby leaving the areas between rows untilled. Total aboveground cover crop and cotton C in dryland and irrigated conditions were 0.72–2.90 Mg C ha⁻¹ greater in rye + blend than in other cover crops in 2001 but was 1.15–2.24 Mg C ha⁻¹ greater in rye than in blend and rye + blend in 2002. In dryland cotton, PCM at 50–150 mm was greater in June 2001 and 2002 than in January 2003 but MBC at 0–150 mm was greater in January 2003 than in June 2001. In irrigated cotton, SOC at 0–150 mm was greater with rye + blend than with crimson clover and at 0–50 mm was greater in March than in December 2002. The PCM at 0–50 and 0–150 mm was greater with blend and crimson clover than with rye in April 2001 and was greater with crimson clover than with rye and rye + blend in March 2002. The MBC at 0–50 mm was greater with rye than with blend and crimson clover in April 2001 and was greater with rye, blend, and rye + blend than with crimson clover in March 2002. As a result, PCM decreased by 21–24 g CO₂–C ha⁻¹ d⁻¹ but MBC increased by 90–224 g CO₂–C ha⁻¹ d⁻¹ from June 2001 to January 2003 in dryland cotton. In irrigated cotton, SOC decreased by 0.1–1.1 kg C ha⁻¹ d⁻¹, and PCM decreased by 10 g CO₂–C ha⁻¹ d⁻¹ with rye to 79 g CO₂–C ha⁻¹ d⁻¹ with blend, but MBC increased by 13 g CO₂–C ha⁻¹ d⁻¹ with blend to 120 g CO₂–C ha⁻¹ d⁻¹ with crimson clover from April 2001 to December 2002. Soil active C fractions varied between seasons due to differences in temperature, water content, and substrate availability in dryland cotton, regardless of cover crops. In irrigated cotton, increase in crop C input with legume + nonlegume treatment increased soil C storage and microbial biomass but lower C/N ratio of legume cover crops increased C mineralization and microbial activities in the spring.  相似文献   

Bulk-tank milk analysis. A useful tool for improving milk quality and herd udder health.     

Bhushan M Jayarao  David R Wolfgang 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》2003,19(1):75-92, vi

Bulk-tank milk (BTM) analysis is now widely accepted as a useful tool for evaluating milk quality and monitoring udder-health status in a herd. Bacterial and somatic cell count (SCC) estimation of BTM, when done repeatedly over a period of time, can become a significant knowledge base. When interpreted within the context of the farm's management practices, this information provides a basis for evaluating current and potential milk quality and mastitis problems in a herd. This article describes the process of using BTM analysis to make decisions on improving milk quality and herd udder health. It should be kept in mind that although individual cow samples for milk culture and SCC are more definitive for diagnosis and monitoring of udder health, BTM analysis is less expensive, more convenient, and faster than testing milk samples from individual animals or groups of cows.  相似文献   

Long-term effects of lantana residue additions on water retention and transmission properties of a medium-textured soil under rice–wheat cropping in northwest India     

L. Bhushan  P.K. Sharma 《Soil Use and Management》2005,21(1):32-37

Abstract. Hydraulic properties of soils after rice cropping are generally unfavourable for wheat cultivation. Poor drainage, delayed planting and oxygen stress in the root zone may adversely affect the wheat crop after lowland rice cultivation. We studied long-term effects of lantana ( Lantana spp. L.) residue additions at 10, 20 and 30 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (fresh biomass) on physical properties of a silty clay loam soil under rice–wheat cropping in northwest India. At the end of ten cropping cycles, soil water retention, infiltration rate, saturated hydraulic conductivity and drying rate of soil increased significantly with lantana additions. The available water capacity (AWC), on volume basis, declined at rice harvest (from 22.0 to 18.8–20.9%), but increased at wheat harvest (from 12.9 to 13.4–15.0%) after lantana treatment. The volumes of water transmission (>50 μm) and storage pores (0.5–50 μm) were greater, while the volume of residual pores (<0.5 μm) was smaller in lantana-treated plots than in controls at both rice and wheat harvest. Infiltration rate in the lantana-treated soil was 1.6–7.9 times that of the control (61 mm d⁻¹) at rice harvest, and 2–4.1 times that of the control (1879 mm d⁻¹) at wheat harvest. Thus lantana addition improved soil hydraulic properties to the benefit of the wheat crop in a rice–wheat cropping sequence.  相似文献   

Immunization of neonatal bovines against Theileria annulata by an infection and treatment method     

K P Mallick  S Dhar  D V Malhotra  C Bhushan  O P Gautam 《Veterinary parasitology》1987,24(3-4):169-173

Sixty three cross-bred (Bos taurus X Bos indicus) 4-5-day-old calves were divided into 16 groups (A-P). Each calf in Groups A and B was given ground-up-tick supernate prepared from Theileria annulata-infected or non-infected Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (GUTS) equivalent to 5 ticks (50 infected acini). Groups D and E received infected GUTS equivalent to 2 ticks (20 infected acini) and Groups G and H were given infected GUTS equivalent to 1 tick (10 infected acini). Each calf in Groups J, K and L received infected GUTS equivalent to 5 infected acini (0.035 tick), and Group O was inoculated with non-infected GUTS equivalent to 5 ticks. Each calf in Groups A, D, G, J, K and O was also given a single intramuscular injection of long acting oxytetracycline, 20 mg kg-1 body weight just after inoculation of GUTS. Severe reactions resulted in the death of five of eight, three of eight, five of six, one of five and one of five calves in Groups A, D, G, J and K respectively and all of the calves in Groups B, E, H, and L. The surviving calves of Groups A, D, G, J, K and O were challenged on Day 45 post-immunization along with freshly introduced susceptible control calves of Groups C, F, I, M, N and P. All the calves of Groups A, G, J and K withstood the challenge dose; in Group D four of five and in Groups C, F, I, M, N, O, and P all the calves died of theileriosis. It is concluded that though the infection and treatment method of immunization may be used for neonatal bovines, the dose of immunogen should be based on actual counts of infected salivary acini of ticks instead of the number of ticks.  相似文献   

Efficacy of closantel against fenbendazole and levamisole resistanthaemonchus contortus in small ruminants     

R. P. Uppal  C. L. Yadav  Chander Bhushan 《Tropical animal health and production》1993,25(1):30-32

  相似文献