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Abstract Extract There are many ways in which a milking machine can transmit infection from cow to cow. The immediate transfer of infection by the, teat-cups is obvious and the reduction of the effectiveness of this vector has been shown to reduce the incidence of mastitis (Wilkinson, 1965). The change from bucket to pipeline milkers has been associated with an increase in the incidence of mastitis arid this has been attributed to the vacuum instability of the latter system. Fell and Richards (1970) have studied the relation-ship between machine stability and the level of somatic cells in milk, and Whittlestone and Fell (1969) have suggested that milk line vacuum instability could be associated with flow conditions that could give rise to the movement of potentially infected milk from the pipeline back into the clusters. This potential vector has been overlooked in the past but its presence, would clearly negate the beneficial effects of “back flushing”. A field study was therefore undertaken to estimate the frequency of occurrence of the “inter-unit flow” effect in pipeline systems, and Whittlestone et at. (1970) found a high incidence of milk movement back to the cluster in high pipeline systems though the effect was not found amongst the limited number of low-line installations examined. Two types of “inter-unit flow” were detected: whole liquid movement which appeared as liquid milk in the measuring trap inserted between the cluster and the milk pipe, and “aerosol” which could only be detected by the use of plugs of cotton wool inserted in the test teat-cups. Evidence for the presence of “aerosol” and its role in transmitting infection within the cluster has been collected by A. Tolle (pers. comm.). This establishes the possibility that once infected milk has reached the cluster it can be transferred to the, end of the teat during milking. 相似文献
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Jean Tattersfield M.A. Dip.Math.Stats. R.E.W. Elliott B.V.Sc. Dip.Bact. M.R.C.V.S. E.. Brookbanks B.V.Sc. 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(3):40-44
Extract A national survey was undertaken to estimate the prevalence and distribution of bovine mastitis. It was planned as a model which could be repeated at intervals. 相似文献
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Priyanka KUMARI Kyung Yeon EO Woo-Shin LEE Junpei KIMURA Naomichi YAMAMOTO 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2021,83(5):850
Leptospira, Giardia intestinalis and Toxoplasma gondii infections are reported in humans and animals worldwide, but molecular surveillance of these pathogens in Korean wildlife is still limited. Here, we examined the prevalence of these pathogens in environmental feces of Eurasian otters, leopard cats and raccoon dogs using nested PCR followed by DNA sequencing. G. intestinalis was detected in all of three animals, while T. gondii was detected only in leopard cats. Leptospira wolffii was detected in raccoon dog and Eurasian otter. Our results suggest that these animals can act as a reservoir of these zoonotic pathogens. Consistent monitoring of these pathogens in wildlife is needed to prevent from their infections in humans and livestock in Korea. 相似文献
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Jin HUR Seong Kug EO Sang-Youel PARK Yoonyoung CHOI John Hwa LEE 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2015,77(12):1693-1696
Salmonella Typhimurium strain expressing the Actinobacillus
pleuropneumoniae antigens, ApxIA, ApxIIA, ApxIIIA and OmpA, was previously
constructed as a vaccine candidate for porcine pleuropneumonia. This strain was a live
attenuated (∆lon∆cpxR∆asd)Salmonella as a delivery host
and contained a vector containing asd. An immunological study of
lymphocyte proliferation, T-lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in the splenocytes of a mouse
model was carried out after stimulation with the candidate Salmonella
Typhimurium by intranasal inoculation. The splenic lymphocyte proliferation and the levels
of IL-4, IL-6 and IL-12 of the inoculated mice were significantly increased, and the T-
and B-cell populations were also elevated. Collectively, the candidate may efficiently
induce the Th1- and Th2-type immune responses. 相似文献
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AIM: To investigate the circumstances of dogs biting people in New Zealand. METHODS: Veterinary science and veterinary nursing students enrolled at Massey University in 2003 completed a questionnaire detailing their lifetime experience of dog bites and their opinions of dog control legislation. RESULTS: The response rate was 100%. There were 228 completed responses to the survey, and 87 (38%) respondents had been bitten by a dog. Most bites caused minor injury, but 17 (20%) required medical attention. Male respondents were more likely to have been bitten. The highest proportion of respondents (27; 31%) had been bitten while between 6 and 10 years of age, and the hand was the part of the body most often injured. Eighteen (21%) bites involved a stranger's dog, but most bites were by a dog known to the victim. Respondents from rural areas were three times more likely to have been bitten than city dwellers. The victim's home was the place where most (31; 36%) bites occurred. Male dogs were responsible for a larger proportion of bites (38; 44%) than females (24; 28%); respondents were unsure about the sex of the remainder of the dogs (25; 29%) that bit them. Protecting the home, play, accidents, rough handling and pain were identified as the common reasons for dogs to bite. Most (46; 52%) respondents did not believe legislation could have prevented their bite. Only four (5%) bites were reported to authorities. CONCLUSION: Rural dwellers, people with more experience of dogs, children <11 years of age, and male respondents were bitten by dogs most often. Only legislation relating to the fencing of dog owners′ properties may have prevented a reasonable proportion (25; 29%) of the bites reported here. 相似文献
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AIMS: To investigate public attitudes towards barking dogs in New Zealand in order to quantify the extent to which people perceive barking dogs to be a problem, to compare tolerance of barking with that of other common suburban noises, to assess the level of public understanding about the function of barking, to determine risk factors for intolerance of barking and to assess knowledge of possible strategies for the investigation and management of problem barking.METHODS: A 12-page questionnaire was sent to 2,000 people throughout New Zealand randomly selected from the electoral roll. Risk factors for being bothered by barking were examined using logistic regression analysis.RESULTS: A total of 1,750 questionnaires were successfully delivered; of these, 727 (42%) were returned. Among respondents, 356/727 (49.0%) indicated that frequent barking during the day would bother them while 545/727 (75.0%) would be bothered by barking at night. Barking and howling were ranked above other suburban noises as a cause of annoyance. Risk factors for being bothered by daytime barking were not being home during the day, not owning a dog, and considering a dog bite to be a serious health risk. Risk factors for being bothered by night-time barking were not being home during the day, marital status, considering dog bites to pose a serious health risk, and having been frightened by a dog. Overall, 510/699 (73%) respondents understood that barking was a form of communication.Action likely to be taken by 666 respondents hearing frequent barking included notifying and offering to help the owner (119; 17.8%), complaining to the owner (127; 19.1%) or the authorities (121; 18.2%), or doing nothing (299; 48%). Possible responses by 211 dog owners if they had a barking dog included seeking help from dog trainers (59; 28%) or behaviourists (54; 26%), buying an anti-barking device (33; 15%) or getting rid of the dog (20; 10%).CONCLUSIONS: Barking was considered to be potentially disturbing by respondents to this survey. Attitudes towards barking were most influenced by age, dog ownership, past experience with dogs and attitude towards dog bites. Public understanding of the possible reasons for barking and appropriate methods of managing the behaviour when it becomes a problem could be improved by better education and the provision of information through veterinary clinics and social media. 相似文献