Britain's Pest Monitoring Network for Aphids and Moths1     

T. LEWIS 《EPPO Bulletin》1980,10(2):39-46

There is a need for continuous monitoring of insect populations to provide, in the short term, early warning of the presence of pests and, in the long term, to record and analyse faunal changes resulting from changes in agricultural practice and urbanisation, and the rate of spread of pests and resistance to pesticides. The Rothamsted Insect Survey examines aerial populations of two major insect groups throughout the year. Two hundred and sixty species of aphids are sampled daily at a height of 12 m by a grid of 21 suction traps. Early warning of the migration of 32 aphid species of economic importance is provided in weekly bulletins issued to farmers and advisers. This aerial sampling is generally cheaper, quicker and provides earlier warning of the presence of aphids than crop sampling. Six hundred species of moths are sampled by 195 light traps and the data are being used to assess the magnitude and reasons for seasonal, annual and long-term changes in the insect fauna, especially of pest species. The information on both insect groups is stored on magnetic tape and computerized maps are produced to illustrate the distribution in time and space of given species and as a research tool in studies on their population dynamics. The prospects and value of extending this system to continental Europe, and the help and expertise that Rothamsted could give in the eventuality, are outlined. Les populations dinsectes doivent dtre soumises à un recensement continu afin dassurer, à court terme, un avertissement précoce de la presence des ravageurs, et, à long terme, la possibilite d'enregistrer et d'analyser les changements qui interviennent dans la faune à la suite de I'evolution des pratiques agricoles et de I'urbanisation, et de déterminer la vitesse de dissémination des ravageurs ainsi que leur résitance aux pesticides. Le «Rothamsted Insect Survey » observe les populations de deux groupes d'insectes durant toute L'année. Deux cents soixante espèces de pucerons sont échantillonnées quotidiennement dans 21 localites differentes à L'aide de pièges à succion disposes a 12 m au-dessus du sol. Les exploitants et les conseillers sont avertis, par des bulletins hebdomadaires, des migrations de 32 espèces de pucerons d'importance économique. L'échantillonnage aérien semble être meilleur marché et plus rapide qu'un échantillonnage réalisé au niveau de la culture;de plus, il assure un avertissement plus précoce. Six cents espèces de lépidoptéres sont recensées au moyen de 195 piéges lumineux dans le dessein danalyser la magnitude et les causes des variations saisonnieres, annuelles, et à long terme surtout en ce qui concerne les ravageurs. Les données ainsi recueillies sont enregistrées sur bandes magnétiques et servent à L'etablissement de cartes à L'aide d'ordinateurs; ces cartes indiquent la distribution temporelle et spatiale de chaque espèce et constituent un élement important dans l'étude de la dynamique des populations. L'extension de ce réseau à L'Europe continentale présente deL'intérêt et la façon dont la Station de Rothamsted peut y apporter son soutien est exposée dans la présente communication.  相似文献   

Carriage rate and antibiotic susceptibility of coagulase‐positive staphylococci isolated from healthy dogs in Victoria,Australia          下载免费PDF全文

DC Bean  SM Wigmore 《Australian veterinary journal》2016,94(12):456-460

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The Water Dipole Moment in Water Clusters     

JK Gregory  DC Clary  K Liu  MG Brown  RJ Saykally 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1997,275(5301):814-817

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Application of Trichoderma and Gliocladium in alginate pellets for control of Rhizoctonia damping-off   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

J. A. LEWIS  G. C. PAPAVIZAS 《Plant pathology》1987,36(4):438-446

Alginate pellets were prepared from wet fermentor biomass of 11 isolates of Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium virens , with wheat bran as a food base carrier. Pellets with eight of the isolates reduced survival (34-78%) of Rhizoctonia solani in infested beet seed in soil. Pellets containing a T. harzianum isolate (Th-58) and a T. hamatum isolate (TRI-4) were the most effective. All isolates significantly reduced growth of the pathogen from infested beet seed into natural soil. Populations of isolates proliferated in soil to 10⁶−10¹¹ colony-forming units/g (cfu) from propagules within the pellets. Pellets with TRI-4 reduced pathogen survival and growth (>70%) in six different soils and were effective against six R. solani isolates in a natural loamy sand. Survival of R. solani in infested beet seed was not reduced when TRI-4 pellets were added to soil 1-6 weeks before the pathogen; however, saprophytic growth was prevented. Small amounts of biomass (3.0–7.5 g wet weight) in pellets were as effective as a large amount (300 g) in suppressing the pathogen. The storage of pellets for more than 6 weeks at 5 or 25C reduced their effectiveness against R. solani. Pellets prepared with four and three of the 11 isolates prevented damping-off of cotton and sugar beet in the greenhouse, respectively.  相似文献   

CYSTIC ENDOMETRIUM IN WESTERN AUSTRALIAN CATTLE     

R. I. THAIN M.R.C.V.S.    K. J. AUSTEN B.V.Sc.  P. B. LEWIS B.V.Sc. 《Australian veterinary journal》1968,44(6):295-296

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Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons,steroids and carcinogenesis     

YANG NC  CASTRO AJ  LEWIS M  WONG TW 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1961,134(3476):386-387

In addition to the electronic factors, there is a steric factor responsible for the carcinogenicity of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. A carcinogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon must bear steric resemblance to steroids. One possible implication to this requirement for carcinogenicity is that these hydrocarbons may act on the same sites as steroid hormones.  相似文献   

Otto Martin Radostits 1934 – 2006     

DC Blood  CC Gay  KW Hinchcliff  PD Constable 《Australian veterinary journal》2007,85(6):231-231

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Snake bites recorded by veterinary practices in Australia     

PJ MIRTSCHIN  P. MASCI  DC PATON  T. KUCHEL 《Australian veterinary journal》1998,76(3):195-198

Objective To determine the extent of the snake bite problem in domestic animals, its regional significance and the effects of antivenom treatment.
Design A questionnaire was designed seeking information on the number and type of domestic animals referred, whether treated or untreated, type of snakes and management of the bite.
Procedure The survey form was sent to 10% of veterinary surgeons, selected at random throughout Australia.
Results The response of 106 veterinary surgeons revealed that snake bite in domestic animals is frequent, with an estimated 6200 cases reported annually. Bites were more prominent in rural (78%) than urban areas (22%) with brown, tiger and black snakes accounting for 76%, 13% and 6% of cases, respectively. Cats and dogs were the most frequently reported victims. Ninety-one percent of cats and 75% of dogs survived following the administration of antivenom whereas 66% of cats and 31% of dogs survived without antivenom. Overall, in 33% of cases antivenom was not used, and venom detection kits were used in only 1% of cases. A number of drugs were used in various combinations with or without antivenom and intravenous fluids in the treatment of animals with snake bite, but their role in reducing the severity of envenomations was not assessed.
Clinical implications Antivenom significantly improves the chances of survival of domestic animals bitten by snakes.  相似文献   

Characteristics of alginate pellets formulated with Trichoderma and Gliocladium and their effect on the proliferation of the fungi in soil   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J. A. LEWIS  G. C. PAPAVIZAS 《Plant pathology》1985,34(4):571-577

Pelletized formulations of wheat bran or kaolin clay in an alginate gel containing conidia, chlamydospores, or fermentor biomass (FB) of several isolates of the biocontrol fungi Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium virens were prepared. The ability of fungal propagules within the pellets to proliferate in soil was determined. Higher population densities were obtained when alginate pellets added to soil contained chlamydospores rather than condia, and bran rather than kaolin as the bulking agent. The active ingredient in pellets prepared from FB was approximately 5% biomass by weight and contained many chlamydospores. Colony-forming units (cfu) ranged from 10⁶'to 10¹⁰/g of soil after soil amendment with FB pellets of 12 Trichoderma and G. virens isolates. Population densities were high during the first 3 weeks of incubation and declined only gradually during 9 weeks. Propagules in FB pellets were more viable at 5° than at 25°C. Viability at 25°C remained high (> 70%) after 1 week, but declined to less than 10% after 24 weeks. Despite reduction in propagule viability in stored pellets, numbers of cfu formed after adding these pellets to soil were comparable with those formed from freshly prepared pellets.  相似文献   

Impact of foot-and-mouth disease on mastitis and culling on a large-scale dairy farm in Kenya     

Nicholas A Lyons  Neal Alexander  Katharina DC St?rk  Thomas D Dulu  Jonathan Rushton  Paul EM Fine 《Veterinary research》2015,46(1)

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly transmissible viral infection of cloven hooved animals associated with severe economic losses when introduced into FMD-free countries. Information on the impact of the disease in FMDV-endemic countries is poorly characterised yet essential for the prioritisation of scarce resources for disease control programmes. A FMD (virus serotype SAT2) outbreak on a large-scale dairy farm in Nakuru County, Kenya provided an opportunity to evaluate the impact of FMD on clinical mastitis and culling rate. A cohort approach followed animals over a 12-month period after the commencement of the outbreak. For culling, all animals were included; for mastitis, those over 18 months of age. FMD was recorded in 400/644 cattle over a 29-day period. During the follow-up period 76 animals were culled or died whilst in the over 18 month old cohort 63 developed clinical mastitis. Hazard ratios (HR) were generated using Cox regression accounting for non-proportional hazards by inclusion of time-varying effects. Univariable analysis showed FMD cases were culled sooner but there was no effect on clinical mastitis. After adjusting for possible confounders and inclusion of time-varying effects there was weak evidence to support an effect of FMD on culling (HR = 1.7, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.88-3.1, P = 0.12). For mastitis, there was stronger evidence of an increased rate in the first month after the onset of the outbreak (HR = 2.9, 95%CI 0.97-8.9, P = 0.057).

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13567-015-0173-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献