A review of antimicrobial peptides: defensins and related cationic peptides     

Evans EW  Harmon BG 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》1995,24(4):109-116

Cationic antimicrobial peptides are present throughout the plant and animal kingdoms and bear striking structural and functional similarities across species lines. They provide primitive, nonspecific means of combating a variety of bacteria, fungi, enveloped viruses, and protozoa. Some are also cytotoxic against host cells, including neoplastic cells. Cationic antimicrobial peptides may play various roles in inflammation and tissue repair. Antimicrobial peptides are found in epithelial tissues regularly exposed to microbial attack as well as in cells whose primary function is defense against potential pathogens. They constitute an important part of the nonoxidative antimicrobial arsenal of leukocytes. They are preformed and/or readily synthesized when the cells are stimulated by exposure to pathogens. They exert their effects directly by inserting into membranes of target cells and forming ion channels which increase membrane permeability; however, antimicrobial peptides can also act as opsonins to facilitate phagocytosis. Resistance to defensins is a virulence factor for organisms such as Salmonella sp. The study of cationic antimicrobial peptides is increasing our understanding of innate immunity, inflammation, and the pathogenesis of genetic diseases such as specific granule disease in humans. Therapeutic applications of antimicrobial peptides are currently under investigation.  相似文献   

An Alternative,Direct Approach for Arthroscopic Removal of Osteochondral Fragments in the Dorsal Pouch of the Proximal Intertarsal Joint of Horses          下载免费PDF全文

Ellen Compagnie  Niklas J. Drumm  Natascha de Heer  Frerik ter Braake 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2016,45(2):182-186

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Arthroscopic Removal of Large Extensor Process Fragments in 18 Friesian Horses: Long‐Term Clinical Outcome and Radiological Follow‐Up of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint          下载免费PDF全文

Ellen Compagnie  Frerik ter Braake  Natascha de Heer  Willem Back 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2016,45(4):536-541

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De invloed van enkele milieufactoren op de vatbaarheid van erwten voor Botrytis cinerea     

Tj. P. Wijngaarden  J. Ellen 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1968,74(1):8-11

In a temperature and nutrient experiment with Rondo peas marked differences were observed in the degree of infection of the plants byBotrytis cinerea. After harvesting the ripe plants these differences were clearly expressed in the percentage of seeds with a chalky appearence, due to invasion by the mycelium ofB. cinerea. Comparatively high percentages of chalky peas were found when the plants were grown at a temperature of 20°C during the day and 15°C during the night. Omitting calcium or magnesium from the nutrient solution did not significantly influence the percentage of chalky peas, but omitting potassium from two weeks before flowering until the end of ripening increased the percentage of chalky peas significantly. This suggests that potassium deficiency before and during flowering makes the plant more susceptible toB. cinerea infection.Samenvatting In een temperatuur- en voedingsproef met Rondo erwten werden opvallende verschillen waargenomen in aantasting van de planten doorBotrytis cinerea. Na het oogsten van de rijpe planten kwamen deze verschillen duidelijk tot uiting in het percentage kalkerwten; dit zijn zaden die door het mycelium vanB. cinerea zijn doorwoekerd. Er werden relatief hoge percentages kalkerwten gevonden bij een temperatuur van 20°C overdag en 15°C's nachts. Het weglaten van calcium of magnesium uit de voedingsoplossing had geen betrouwbare invloed op het percentage kalkerwten, maar het weglaten van kalium vanaf 14 dagen voor de bloei tot het einde van de afrijping verhoogde het percentage kalkerwten zeer belangrijk. Dit wijst er op dat kaliumgebrek vóór en tijdens de bloei de planten vatbaarder maakt voorB. cinerea.  相似文献   

Evaluation of bovine viral diarrhea virus in New World camelids     

Wentz PA  Belknap EB  Brock KV  Collins JK  Pugh DG 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2003,223(2):223-228

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Algal dermatitis in cichlids     

Yanong RP  Francis-Floyd R  Curtis E  Klinger RE  Cichra ME  Berzins IK 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2002,220(9):1353-8, 1314

Three varieties of a popular African cichlid aquarium species, Pseudotropheus zebra, from 2 tropical fish farms in east central Florida were submitted for diagnostic evaluation because of the development of multifocal green lesions. The percentage of infected fish in these populations varied from 5 to 60%. Fish were otherwise clinically normal. Microscopic examination of fresh and fixed lesions confirmed algal dermatitis, with light invasion of several internal organs in each group. A different alga was identified from each farm. Fish from farm A were infected with Chlorochytrium spp, whereas fish from farm B were infected with Scenedesmus spp. Because of the numbers of fish involved, bath treatments to remove the algae from affected fish from farm B were attempted, with different dosages of several common algaecides including copper sulfate pentahydrate, diuron, and sodium chloride. However, none of these treatments were successful, possibly because of the location of the algae under the scales and within the dermis, and also because of the sequestering effect of the granulomatous response. To our knowledge, this is the first report of algal dermatitis in ornamental cichlids, as well as the first report of Scenedesmus spp infection in any fish.  相似文献   

Dietary influences on periodontal health in dogs and cats.     

Ellen I Logan 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2006,36(6):1385-401, ix

A pet cannot be healthy without oral health. Periodontal is a significant disease that has local and systemic ramifications. It has been stated earlier that effective plaque control prevents gingivitis. In human beings, 90% of periodontitis occurs as the result of progression gingivitis, and this type of periodontitis can be completely prevented by plaque control. It is reasonable that dogs and cats react similarly and that effective plaque control could prevent a large percentage of periodontitis cases. Proper nutrition and effective oral hygiene are necessary components of oral health and should be jointly promoted in the management of oral disease in dogs and cats.  相似文献   

Medical management of a corneal stromal abscess in a female Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).     

Ellen B Wiedner  Ramiro Isaza  Laurence E Galle  Kathleen Barrie  William A Lindsay 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2006,37(3):397-400

A 47-yr-old female Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) developed a corneal stromal abscess in her right eye. The elephant was trained to open her eye for topical ophthalmic therapy, and was treated six times daily with antibiotics and an antifungal solution for almost 2 mo. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were used to control pain, and atropine was applied topically to dilate the pupil and provide additional comfort. Vascularization of the abscess began shortly after initiating therapy, and complete resolution was obtained by 7 wk.  相似文献   

Repeated administrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone during gestation in gilts: Effects on growth, behaviour and immune responses of their piglets     

Winfried Otten  Ellen Kanitz  Margret Tuchscherer  Birger Puppe  Gerd Nürnberg 《Livestock Science》2007,106(2-3):261-270

This study investigated whether repeated administrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) during mid or late gestation, a treatment which induces endogenous cortisol release, affect growth performance, early vitality, open-field behaviour and immune responses of neonatal pigs. Administrations of ACTH (100 IU per animal, Synacthen^® Depot) were given intramuscularly to gilts every second day either during mid (Day 49 until 75, Experiment 1) or late gestation (Day 85 until 107, Experiment 2). Control gilts received repeated injections of saline. The repeated ACTH stimulation of gilts during late gestation significantly reduced their daily weight gain during this period, but not when applied during mid gestation. Gestation length, number of born piglets and vitality measures of the newborn piglets, such as the rectal temperatures after birth and times elapsed between birth and first udder contact or milk uptake were not affected by the prenatal treatments. Administration of ACTH during late but not during mid gestation significantly increased the birth weights of piglets, and this difference in postnatal body weight was detectable until an age of 21 days. In addition, only the stimulation with ACTH during late gestation had an immunosuppressive effect on the lymphocyte proliferation of piglets 1 day after birth in response to the T-cell mitogen ConA and, in tendency, on the proliferation in response to the B-cell mitogen LPS. Twenty-four day old piglets from gilts treated during late gestation showed significantly more escape behaviour in an open-field than piglets from control litters. In conclusion, elevated maternal glucocorticoid levels during critical periods of prenatal development in pigs may affect prenatal growth, cell-mediated immunity and emotional reactivity in the neonatal piglets. The occurrence of these effects depends on the timing of increased maternal cortisol levels during gestation.  相似文献   

Understory plant communities of boreal mixedwood forests in western Canada: Natural patterns and response to variable-retention harvesting     

S. Ellen Macdonald  Treena E. Fenniak 《Forest Ecology and Management》2007

We examined patterns of variation in richness, diversity, and composition of understory vascular plant communities in mixedwood boreal forests of varying composition (broadleaf, mixedwood, conifer) in Alberta, Canada, before and for 2 years following variable-retention harvesting (clearcut, 20 and 75% dispersed green tree retention, control). Broadleaf-dominated forests differed from mixedwood or conifer-dominated forests in that they had greater canopy cover, litter depth, soil nitrogen, warmer soils, as well as greater shrub cover, herb and shrub richness and diversity (plot scale). In contrast, conifer, and to a lesser extent mixedwood, forest had greater β diversity than broadleaf forest. Overall, mixedwood and conifer forests were similar to one another, both differed from broadleaf forest. Several species were found to be significant indicators of broadleaf forest but most of these also occurred in the other forest types. Understory composition was related to canopy composition and edaphic conditions. Variable-retention harvesting had little effect on understory cover, richness, or diversity but resulted in reduced richness and β diversity at a larger scale. The clearcut and 20% treatments affected composition in all forest types. Early successional species and those common in disturbed sites were indicators of harvesting while evergreen, shade-tolerant understory herbs were indicators of the control forest and 75% retention harvest. We conclude that it is important to maintain a range of variation in canopy composition of mixedwood forests in order to conserve the associated understory communities. The presence of conifers in these forests has a particularly important influence on understory communities. The threshold for a lifeboat effect of variable-retention harvesting is between 20 and 75% retention. Examination of richness and β diversity at a variety of scales can provide interesting information on effects of harvesting on spatial reorganization and homogenization of understory plant communities.  相似文献