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RENE T. van EE dvm MARK P. NASISSE dvm Diplomateacvo GAYMAN HELMAN dvm PhD Diplomateacvp WILLIAM SANDERS PhD 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1986,15(6):435-440
The effects of fine suture materials on corneal wound healing in the dog were studied. In 20 dogs, standardized perforating perilimbal clear corneal wounds were made and closed with either monofilament Polyglactin 910 or nylon. Five dogs each were euthanized 8,12,16, and 21 days postoperatively. Results of gross, biomicroscopic, and histologic examinations at 8,12,16, and 21 days showed nylon and Polyglactin 910 to cause similar inflammatory responses. Epithelialization and suppuration around the suture tracts were observed more frequently when Polyglactin 910 was used. Both materials were associated with a foreign body (granulomatous) response. There was no loss of wound integrity with either material. Strengths of the incised corneal tissues with and without the sutures intact were determined. At day 16 postsurgery, there was a statistically significant difference in tissue strengths between cases in which sutures were and were not intact. This difference was not apparent at 21 days postsurgery, which suggested that the suture dependent phase ends between the 16th and 21st postsurgical days. In addition, at day 16 there was no statistical difference between the tissue strength of wounds sutured with nylon or Polyglactin 910. Corneal suture materials studied should remain in place for at least 16 days, and absorbable material is only appropriate if it retains tensile strength for 16 days. 相似文献
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Catherine M. M. Felton 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1979,12(1):91-101
Energy and water budget analyses are employed as methods for assessing the effects of vegetation type, cultivation practices, and irrigation methods on the microclimate. A comparison is made of vegetation types that employ water received from (1) natural precipitation and (2) irrigation. Forest lands are compared to corn cultivated by conventional tillage and no tillage methods. The forest canopy generally has a lower surface albedo, greater surface roughness, higher transpiration rates, and increased water storage than the bare soil, mulched, and vegetated surfaces of a corn field. No tillage cultivation reduces wind and water erosion, lowers soil temperatures, and improves water retention compared to standard tillage used on corn fields. Irrigated agriculture has replaced much of the drought resistant vegetation of the Central Valley of California. The energy and water budgets of irrigated crops grown in the semi-arid climate of the Central Valley and irrigated by flood or sprinkler methods exhibit microclimates in which evapotranspiration dominates the energy and mass fluxes. Drip irrigation methods, by contrast, have reduced water losses compared to flood and sprinkler methods. The drip system supplies metered amounts of water to the base of each plant; low soil evaporation and improved water supply to the growing plant results from this method. The latent heat flux is reduced over that found in fields irrigated by flooding or spraying. Generally, agricultural transformation of large stands of natural vegetation is expected to change the micro- and macroclimate of the areas affected. 相似文献
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Matts Lindbladh Adam Felton Renats Trubins Ola Sallnäs 《European Journal of Forest Research》2011,130(5):861-869
As resources allocated specifically for conservation are limited, there is a need to ensure conservation policy initiatives
lead to effective conservation outcomes. In this study, we investigated the potential conservation benefits from alternative
spatial allocations of old deciduous stands to a landscape dominated by coniferous production forests owned primarily by non-industrial
private forest owners. As a target species, we used the long-tailed tit (Aegithalos caudatus), a species associated with deciduous forests and known to be sensitive to isolation. We used a previously published model
based on empirical data on the occurrence of this species, to assess the probability of occurrence of the bird in a 4,000 km2 area in southern Sweden for which we possess detailed spatial GIS data (kNN data) of tree species composition and age. We
assessed alternative scenarios where old deciduous forest was allocated with or without respect to distance from existing
old deciduous forests. Due to the long-tailed tit’s habitat requirement increasing the amount of old deciduous forests close
to existing habitats was the most effective strategy. However, the potential advantages of this strategy may in fact be overturned
in favor of the other scenarios if ownership structures and probable uptake rates of policy initiatives are also considered.
If a policy initiative is targeted toward owners with properties in close proximity to existing suitable habitat, when compared
to if all forest owners are targeted, a higher proportion of owners is needed to participate in order to achieve the same
degree of habitat creation for the species. Here, we discuss the potential benefits for effective conservation policy formulation
from integrating spatially explicit datasets and detailed ecological knowledge with land-ownership structures and policy uptake
scenarios. 相似文献
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J.W. Lehmkuhler E.E.D. Felton D.A. Schmidt K.J. Bader H.E. Garrett M.S. Kerley 《Agroforestry Systems》2003,59(1):35-42
Silvopastoral systems offer an alternative to the conventional cow-calf segment of the beef industry in the Midwestern region
of the United States. Little information exists for transitioning from a conventional pasture-based beef operation to a silvopastoral
system utilizing multiple deciduous tree species. Nine pastures approximately 1 ha in size were established with a mixture
of cool-season grasses and legumes to investigate tree protection methods and cattle performance. Four tree species (Juglans nigra, Gleditsia triacanthos, Quercus rubra, & Carya illinoensis) were planted within six of these pastures. Three methods of protection were tested, and included a no protection control
(Con), foliar application of 0.20% denatonium benzoate (TreeGuard™), or a single strand of electrified poly-wire (EF) in each
of the two grazing years. Cattle damage to young trees was prominent during the two years for Con and TreeGuard™. EF offered
acceptable protection. Red oak trees suffered the highest degree of damage from livestock. Establishing trees within grazed
pastures did not hinder performance of beef cattle. Transitioning from conventional pastures to silvopastures can be accelerated
utilizing an electrified fencing system to prevent cattle damage.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Alessandra Bergadano DVM Dr med vet Diplomate ECVAA Ole K Andersen† Dr Scient MSc EE PhD Lars Arendt-Nielsen† Dr Med Sci PhD & Claudia Spadavecchia DVM Dr med vet PhD Diplomate ECVAA 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2009,36(3):261-272
ObjectivesTo investigate the modulation of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) and temporal summation (TS) by low‐dose acepromazine (ACP) in conscious dogs. To assess the short‐ and long‐term stability of the reflex thresholds.Study designRandomized, blinded, placebo‐controlled cross‐over experimental study.AnimalsEight adult male Beagles.MethodsThe NWR was elicited using single transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the ulnar nerve. Repeated stimuli (10 pulses, 5 Hz) were applied to evoke TS. The responses of the deltoideus muscle were recorded and quantified by surface electromyography and the behavioural reactions were scored. Each dog received 0.01 mg kg?1 ACP or an equal volume saline intravenously (IV) at 1 week intervals. Measurements were performed before (baseline) and 20, 60 and 100 minutes after drug administration. Sedation was scored before drug administration and then at 10 minutes intervals. Data were analyzed with Friedman repeated measures analysis of variance on ranks and Wilcoxon signed rank tests.ResultsAcepromazine resulted in a mild tranquilization becoming obvious at 20 minutes and peaking 30 minutes after injection. Single (It) and repeated stimuli (TSt) threshold intensities, NWR and TS characteristics and behavioural responses were not affected by the ACP at any time point. Both It and TSt were stable over time.Conclusions and clinical relevanceIn dogs, 0.01 mg kg?1 ACP IV had no modulatory action on the NWR evoked by single or repeated stimuli, suggesting no antinociceptive activity on phasic nociceptive stimuli. The evidence of the stability of the NWR thresholds supports the use of the model as an objective tool to investigate nociception in conscious dogs. A low dose of ACP administered as the sole drug, can be used to facilitate the recordings in anxious subjects without altering the validity of this model. 相似文献
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The effects of pH, acetate, propionate, or butyrate concentration, and diet on acid resistance of fecal Escherichia coli and E. coli O157:H7 were determined by in vitro and in vivo experiments. The pH tested was from 4.0 to 8.0, and the VFA concentrations tested were 0 to 100 mM. The E. coli O157:H7 used was strain 505B. In an in vivo study, cattle were fed a grain-based diet, then either not switched or switched to a grain-based diet with 3% added calcium carbonate or two fiber-based diets (soybean hulls or hay). Acid resistance was expressed as viability after acid-shock at pH 2.0 for 1 h and 4 h for fecal E. coli and E. coli O157:H7, respectively. Enumeration methods used were multitube fermentation, agar plate, and petri-film methods. The E. coli O157:H7 was not found in continuous culture inocula or in vivo samples. The viability of fecal E. coli decreased linearly (P < 0.01) as the culture pH increased, and viability of E. coli O157:H7 was highest (P < 0.01) when cultivated at pH 6.0. The viability of fecal E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 showed quadratic responses (P < 0.05) as acetate and butyrate concentrations increased at pH 7.2, with maximal acid resistance at 20 and 12 mM, respectively. As propionate concentration increased, the acid resistance was not different (P > 0.05) for fecal E. coli. Acid resistance of E. coli was induced by acetate and butyrate, even though the environmental pH was near neutral. Similar results were measured in the in vivo study, where viability after acid shock was more dependent on VFA concentration than on pH. Increasing the dietary calcium carbonate concentration also increased (P < 0.05) acid resistance of fecal E. coli. Results from these studies demonstrated that culture pH and VFA affect acid resistance of E. coli. 相似文献