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Risk factors associated with occurrence of nematodes in free range pigs in Busia District,Kenya 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Kagira JM Kanyari PN Githigia SM Maingi N Ng'ang'a JC Gachohi JM 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(3):657-664
Nematode infections are a serious constraint to pig production, especially where free range pig keeping is practiced. This
study investigated the epidemiology of nematodes in free range pigs in Busia District, Kenya. Three hundred and six pigs from
135 farms were sampled for faeces that were analysed for nematode eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces using the McMaster technique.
The nematode eggs were also identified to genus and species based on morphology. A questionnaire on risk factors was also
administered to the pig owners. The overall prevalence and mean nematode EPG were 84.2% and 2,355, respectively. The nematode
eggs were identified as those belonging to Oesophagostomum spp. (75%), Strongyloides ransomi (37%), Ascaris suum (18%), Metastrongylus spp. (11%), Trichuris suis (7%) and Physocephalus sexalatus (3%). The prevalence of nematodes was positively correlated (p < 0.05) with the amount of rainfall in the division of the pigs' origin (all nematodes except S. ransomi). The prevalence of nematodes was also associated with the age of the pigs. A lower burden of nematodes was associated (p < 0.05) with a history of deworming (A. suum) and the provision of night housing (S. ransomi and Metastrongylus spp.). In conclusion, this study has provided information on nematode infections and the associated risk factors for free
range pigs in Busia District, which can be used when implementing integrated control measures. 相似文献
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J.M. Gachohi P.M. Kitala P.N. Ngumi R.A. Skilton B. Bett 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2013,108(2-3):103-113
The primary objective of this study was to assess the impact of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus tick presence (exposure variable) on Theileria parva infection seroprevalence (outcome variable) in a group of cattle belonging to a farm using population attributable fractions (PAF). The analyses were based on a representative sample of 80 traditional smallholder mixed farms. The farms were selected by first stratifying the population administratively and implementing a multistage random sampling in Mbeere district in Kenya. The PAFs were estimated using the stratified, Bruzzi, and sequential partitioned PAF approaches. A secondary objective was, thus, to evaluate the impact of the approaches on the PAF estimates. The stratified and Bruzzi approaches estimated proportion of T. parva infection cases directly attributable to the exposure after controlling for confounding by agro-ecological zone (AEZ). The sequential partitioned PAF approach estimated a PAF associated with exposure after adjusting for any effect that the AEZ may have had by influencing the prevalence of the exposure. All analyses were carried out at the farm level where a farm was classified as infested if the tick was found on cattle on a farm, and infected if at least one animal on a farm was positive for T. parva antibodies. Variance estimation for PAFs was implemented using ‘delete-a-group’ jackknife re-sampling method. The stratified PAF (26.7% [95% CI: 9.0%, 44.4%]) and Bruzzi PAF (26.4% [95% CI: 9.6%, 43.2%]) were consistent in estimating a relatively low impact of farm vector tick presence with a relatively high level of uncertainty. The partitioned PAF (15.5% [95% CI: 1.5%, 29.6%]) suggested that part of the impacts estimated using the stratified PAF and Bruzzi approaches was driven by AEZ effects. Overall, the results suggested that under endemic instability in Mbeere district, (1) presence of R. appendiculatus was not a good indicator of T. parva infection occurrence on a farm; (2) ecological variation could play a role in determining infection impacts. This study provides a preliminary basis for evaluating the potential value and utility of estimating PAFs for variables amenable to control in tick-borne diseases (TBDs) epidemiological studies. 相似文献
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F. D. Wesonga J. M. Gachohi P. M. Kitala J. M. Gathuma M. J. Njenga 《Tropical animal health and production》2017,49(2):265-272
Anaplasma marginale and Babesia bigemina are important tick-borne pathogens of cattle. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken to determine the seroprevalence of A. marginale and B. bigemina infections and identify associated risk factors on traditional smallholder farms in Machakos County, Kenya. A total of 421 cattle from 127 farms from four divisions in the county were sampled and visited between September and November 2007. The farms were selected by a proportional allocation approach based on the number of farms in the four divisions previously selected by stratified random sampling method. Information on animal and individual farm management variables was obtained using standardized questionnaires. Prevalence of serum antibodies due to A. marginale and B. bigemina pathogens was determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The relationship between the seropositivity and associated risk factors was assessed by multivariable analyses using standard logistic regression models. The overall estimation (and their 95% confidence intervals) of A. marginale and B. bigemina seropositivity at the animal level was 53.4% (48.5%, 58.2%) and 40.6% (35.8%, 45.4%), respectively. Two variables, “animal age” and “administrative division,” were significantly associated with the A. marginale seroresponse. Three variables, “animal age” “grazing system” and “administrative division” were significantly associated with the B. bigemina seroresponse. These findings suggest possible indicators of existence of endemic instability for the two infections. The study identifies characterization of environmental suitability for the vectors and how they interact with grazing systems to cause the infections as an area for further studies, for improved understanding of the infections and in designing disease control programs. 相似文献
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Gachohi John M. Kitala Phillip M. Ngumi Priscilla N. Skilton Rob A. 《Tropical animal health and production》2011,43(1):271-277
The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between seroprevalence to Theileria parva infection in cattle and potential environmental and farm-level effects in 80 farms under traditional crop–livestock system
in Mbeere District, Kenya. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect the effects characteristics as related to T. parva infection epidemiology. Serum samples were collected from 440 cattle of all ages for detection of T. parva antibodies by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. The association between the variables was assessed using a
generalized estimation equation logistic regression model. The overall T. parva seroprevalence, accounting for correlation of responses, was 19.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 14%, 25%). Two variables,
“administrative division” and “presence of the vector tick on the farm”, were significantly associated with the T. parva seroresponse. Respectively, cattle from farms in Gachoka, Evurore, and Mwea divisions were (and their 95% CI) 1.3 (0.36,
4.8), 4.4 (1.2, 15.9), and 15.2 (4.9, 47.1) times more likely to be seropositive relative to those from Siakago Division (P = 0.000). Cattle from farms in which the vector tick was present were 2.9 (1.2, 6.7) times more likely to be seropositive
(P = 0.011). Results of this study suggested that both environmental and farm factors may be associated with T. parva infection epidemiology in Mbeere District. Under such circumstances, characterization of environmental suitability for the
vector tick and corresponding environment-specific farm management practices in the district is required both for improved
understanding of the disease and in planning disease control programs. 相似文献
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