Communal cattle farmer’s knowledge,attitudes and practices on ticks (Acari: Ixodidae), tick control and acaricide resistance     

Yawa  Mandla  Nyangiwe  Nkululeko  Jaja  Ishmael Festus  Kadzere  Charles T.  Marufu  Munyaradzi Christopher 《Tropical animal health and production》2020,52(6):3005-3013

The aim of this study was to reveal communal farmer’s knowledge, attitudes and practice on ticks and tick-borne diseases affecting cattle, tick control methods used and their knowledge on acaricide resistance. A total of 160 structured questionnaires are prepared and randomly administered to cattle farmers in Sinqu and Elundini communities in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Associations between the area, gender, age, employment, source of income, level of education and farming experience were statistically tested using Chi-square test. Gall sickness (63%) was the most prevailing tick-borne disease in cattle during the summer season (61%). About 59% of the farmers had no knowledge of the effect of tick-borne diseases on cattle production, and 78% of respondents reported that ticks are the major challenge to cattle farming. Pour-on (61%) was the most commonly used acaricidal treatment system with every fortnight (40%) treatment frequency during the summer season and (31%) during the winter season. Pyrethroids (73%) were the most used acaricide compounds to control ticks, and about 65% of respondents perceived to have no knowledge of the use of ethnoveterinary medicines used to control ticks. Inefficacy of acaricide (44%) and undipped animals (42%) were regarded as the major contributing factors to the increased tick population and acaricide resistance. About 85% of respondents perceived that they do not practice acaricide rotation and 88% of the respondents had no knowledge of the acaricide resistance. Within the context of this study, ticks and tick-associated diseases are perceived by these farmers as the most important disease problem their cattle face. Thus, knowledge regarding the epidemiology of ticks and tick-borne diseases is key to control strategies, and farmer training should be encouraged to achieve better control of ticks and the diseases they transmit.

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Harvesting and postharvest handling practices and characteristics of Uapaca kirkiana (Muell. Arg.) fruits: a survey of roadside markets in Malawi     

I. Kadzere  C. B. Watkins  I. A. Merwin  F. K. Akinnifesi  J. D. K. Saka  J. Mhango 《Agroforestry Systems》2006,68(2):133-142

Uapaca kirkiana (Muell. Arg.), a highly valued indigenous fruit species, is being domesticated to increase its utilization in southern Africa. Vendors, who were also the fruit gatherers, that were selling U. kirkiana fruits at roadside markets in Dedza, Malawi, were interviewed on four occasions during the marketing season (October 2003–January 2004) and fruit samples were concurrently sampled from each vendor. Information was obtained on when and how the fruits had been harvested and handled. Timing of fruit harvest was based on experience, aided by indicators such as occurrence of first heavy rains, natural abscission, size and color changes. Harvesting by knocking down unripe fruits from trees was practiced throughout the␣season, but naturally abscised fruits were also gathered in December and January. Fruits harvested when mature but unripe required incubation in soil, plain and woven plastic bags or clay-pots. The incubation method changed and the duration of incubation decreased between October (3–4 days) and January (≤2 days). Fruit samples were evaluated for damage, color and soluble solids concentration (SSC). Fruit SSC and color lightness/brightness (L*) increased from 10.1 to 16.4% (P<0.01) and from 45.7 to 50.5 units, (P<0.01), respectively. Higher SSC values were generally associated (R ²=0.68, P<0.001) with increasing pulp color intensity. Cracking, at 48%, constituted the most common form of damage in sampled fruits. On average, fruits were saleable for only 3–4 days, this being attributed to inherent fruit characteristics combined with immaturity at harvest, and damage during harvesting and storage in hot dry conditions. Lack of appropriate harvesting and handling techniques were associated with fruit darkening, drying, rotting and other postharvest problems.  相似文献   

Harvest date affects colour and soluble solids concentrations (SSC) of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Uapaca kirkiana</Emphasis> (Muell. Arg.) fruits from natural woodlands     

I. Kadzere  C. B. Watkins  I. A. Merwin  F. K. Akinnifesi  J. D. K. Saka 《Agroforestry Systems》2007,69(2):167-173

Uapaca kirkiana (Muell. Arg.) is a woodland fruit tree that is native to parts of eastern, central and southern Africa. Unripe fruits are harvested from wild and semi-wild sources by dislodging them from trees. Ripe fruits are gathered from the ground after abscission. Utilization of the fruits is affected by problems such as variability of fruit quality and high perishability. Quality attributes of fruits harvested on 1 and 17 November, and 3 December 2003 and kept at 25–30°C, have been evaluated. On the second and third harvests, fruits were also stored in polythene bags to investigate a common incubation method to hasten ripening. Fruit weight and colour before and after ripening, and the soluble solids concentrations (SSC) of ripe fruits were measured. The redness (a*) values at harvest increased from 3.5 to 5.3 units from 1 November to 3 December. Over this period there was a significant decline in both lightness (L*; 63.8 to 58.9 units) and yellowness (b*, 39.6 to 36.4 units). Skin colour became darker during storage as reflected by the decreasing lightness (L* values from 63.8 to 44.5 units), yellowness (b* values from 36.6 to 20.1 units) and increasing redness (a* values from 3.5 to 8.8 units). Fruits harvested on 17 November and 3 December did not darken during storage as much as fruits harvested on 1 November. Fruits harvested on 3 December lost less weight (13.7%) during storage than those harvested on 1 November (34.0%), while the respective SSC measured 6 days after harvest were 18.1% and 9.9%. Fruits kept in polythene bags had 5.3% lower SSC than those kept on plates. The results demonstrate the benefits of delaying fruit harvest to improve quality attributes such as fruit skin colour at harvest and during storage, to reduce weight loss and to obtain higher SSC during storage.  相似文献   

Influence of dietary phosphorus concentration on the digestibility of phosphorus in monocalcium phosphate by growing pigs     

Stein HH  Kadzere CT  Kim SW  Miller PS 《Journal of animal science》2008,86(8):1861-1867

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the dietary inclusion rate of P does not influence the digestibility of P. The experiment was conducted at 4 experiment stations where the same protocol was followed. A total of 60 growing pigs (initial BW: 22.22 +/- 2.13 kg) were allotted to 6 dietary treatments with 10 replications per treatment. All pigs were placed in metabolism cages that allowed for the total, but separate, collection of urine and fecal materials. Six diets were formulated. The basal diet was based on corn (54.2%), soybean meal (20%), and cornstarch. No inorganic P was used, and the total concentration of P in the basal diet was calculated to be 0.29%. Five additional diets were formulated by adding monocalcium phosphate (MCP) in increments of 0.34% to the basal diet and thereby creating diets that were calculated to contain 0.36, 0.43, 0.50, 0.57, and 0.64% total P, respectively. Ground limestone was also added to these diets to maintain a calculated Ca:P ratio of 1.2:1. The balances of Ca and P and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca and P were calculated for each diet. The contribution of P from the basal diet was then subtracted from the MCP-containing diets to calculate the balance and ATTD for P in MCP. Results of the experiment showed that the absorption and retention of both Ca and P increased (linear, P < 0.001) with increasing concentrations of Ca and P in the diet. The ATTD for Ca ranged from 62.3 to 66.8% and was not influenced by the dietary concentration of Ca. However, the ATTD for P increased from 38.4 to 65.2% as increasing levels of MCP were added to the diet (linear, P < 0.001). Increasing P intake from MCP increased (linear, P < 0.001) the excretion of P in the feces, but the quantity of P that was absorbed and retained also increased (linear, P < 0.001) as more P from MCP was added to the diet. When measured as a percentage of P intake, P retention was not influenced by the dietary P concentration. The ATTD for P in MCP ranged from 79.5 to 88.5% and was not affected by the concentration of P in the diet. Results of this experiment demonstrated that the digestibility and absorption of P from MCP are not influenced by the dietary concentration of P.  相似文献   

Chemical and nutritional characteristics of United States soybeans and soybean meals     

Grieshop CM  Kadzere CT  Clapper GM  Flickinger EA  Bauer LL  Frazier RL  Fahey GC 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(26):7684-7691

Two experiments were conducted to determine U.S. soybean meal (SBM) variation. In experiment 1, SBM from 55 U.S. processors was evaluated. Significant (P < 0.05) but numerically small differences were detected in dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) concentrations. Crude protein (CP) concentrations (51.6-54.6%) were higher (P < 0.05) in SBM produced in the southern U.S. Lipid and total dietary fiber concentrations also differed (P < 0.05). The protein dispersibility index was affected (P < 0.05) by the source of SBM. In experiment 2, soybeans and resultant SBMs were obtained from 10 U.S. processing plants. Soybean DM, OM, and CP concentrations differed (P < 0.05). Soybean meal varied (P < 0.05) in CP (48.2-56.2%), acid-hydrolyzed fat (3.3-9.2%), total dietary fiber (17.0-20.7%), and lysine concentrations. Soybean meal carbohydrate composition was also affected by processing conditions. These results indicate a significant variation in chemical and nutritional characteristics of U.S. SBM from different sources.  相似文献