A three-phase study was conducted in high-potential farming and peri-urban area in Kikuyu Division central Kenya to obtain farm and management data and to monitor health and productivity of pigs in smallholder farms. The first phase was a cross-sectional study in which 87 farms (that had been selected from a total of 179 farms using a simple random selection) were visited once and data on important farm and management factors were gathered using semi-structured questionnaires. The second phase was a pilot study that was conducted in the 87 study farms for a period of 3 months to pretest the data-collection tools and to evaluate the general research methodology for the longitudinal study. The third phase was a prospective 12-month observational study in which health and productivity of pigs were monitored monthly in 76 herds that were still active and had participated in the previous studies.
The initial voluntary enrolment among the eligible farms was 99%. The median farm size was 1 acre. All the farms kept crossbreed pigs of Large White or Landrace (median nine pigs per farm). The median number of sows per herd was one. Most farmers engaged in farrow-to-finish pig-production system and most (60%) did not keep a breeding boar. The pigs were stall-fed the year round. Guard rails/piglet devices were present in 22% of the herds. Few (8%) farmers disinfected pig pens (especially the farrowing area). None of the farmers reported the use of vaccination against pig diseases. Most farmers (84 and 96%) indicated that they controlled for mange and worm infestations, respectively. To control mange, 50% of the farmers used acaricides, 34% used engine oil and 12% used both. Anthelmintics were used to control worms. No farmer had a particular control programme in place for both worms and mange. Artificial heating for piglets was not used in any of the farms. High costs of feeds (which were of variable qualities) lack of credit and genetically high-quality breeding boars and diseases were ranked highly by the farmers as the main production constraints. Thirteen percent (11/87) of farmers withdrew during the pilot study; 10 farmers had sold their pigs and one had died. Thirty-three percent (25/76) of the farms withdrew during the longitudinal study for various reasons that included death of pigs (3%; 2/76) and sale of the pigs (30%; 23/76)—mainly because of financial need. 相似文献
A total of 360 samples including fresh fecal droppings, neck skins, and swab samples was collected from 24 broiler flocks and processed by 12 modern processing plants in 6 states in Malaysia. Ninety samples from 10 traditional wet markets located in the same states as modern processing plants were also collected. Microbiological isolation for Campylobacter was performed following ISO 10272-1:2006 (E). The overall rate of contamination for Campylobacter in modern processing plants and in traditional wet markets was 61.1% (220/360) and 85.6% (77/90), respectively. Campylobacter jejuni was detected as the majority with approximately 70% for both facilities. In the modern processing plants, the contamination rate for Campylobacter gradually declined from 80.6% before the inside-outside washing to 62.5% after inside-outside washing and to 38.9% after the post chilling step. The contamination rate for Campylobacter from processed chicken neck skin in traditional wet markets (93.3%) was significantly (P<0.01) higher than in modern processing plants (38.9%). 相似文献
A survey was carried out to assess the occurrence of canine echinococcosis in naturally infected dogs in Kosovo. Using the flotation-ovassay technique, taeniid eggs were found in 23 (7.5%) out of a total of 305 dogs. Eggs from other helminths were detected as well: hookworms 139 (45.5%), Trichuris sp. 87 (28.5%), Toxocara sp. 42 (13.7%), Toxascaris leonina 21 (6.8%) and Dipylidium caninum eight (2.6%). From 21 of the 305 samples (6.9%), taeniids eggs could be collected. Using PCR primers specific for Echinococcus granulosus ("sheep strain", G1), four of these samples (1.3%) resulted positive. The E. granulosus isolates originated from each one stray dog, hunting dog, sheepdog and pet dog. A semi-quantitative analysis showed low to moderate egg counts (2-10 per 1 g faeces) in dogs positive for E. granulosus ("sheep strain", G1) whereas specimens with high (11-20) or very high numbers (> 20) of taeniid eggs were negative in the E. granulosus PCR. Using specific primers for the detection of E. multilocularis, all samples containing taeniid eggs were negative. This is the first report on identification of E. granulosus in dogs from Kosovo where human cystic echinococcosis is a significant medical problem. 相似文献
Quality assurance of the data generating processes in epidemiologic studies is a prerequisite for the internal validity of study results. This paper presents practical aspects of such a quality assurance system pertaining to the planning, data gathering, data entry and data processing phase of a study. It is concerned with data obtained in the framework of a project rather than with data accumulating continuously in private practices, research institutes or veterinary faculties. During the planning phase of a project, standard operating protocols should be developed that assure a reliable performance of observation, coding and data entry. The data base structure, consisting of tables, input validation rules and queries, should be predefined and well documented. A data safety concept will provide the necessary integrity, physical safety and availability of the data. The paper presents technical solutions to common data processing problems with emphasis on re-coding and relational data base facilities (Microsoft-ACCESS) using a hypothetical study on risk factors for mastitis. 相似文献
Summary Results from analyses of baseline surveilance data on rinderpest are used for proposing an improved vaccination strategy against
rinderpest in southern Sudan. Sera from 4,074 (47%) of the total sample of 8,565 cattle collected in a series of cross-sectional
surveys in 400 cattle camps in the Bahr el Ghazal Province of southern Sudan were tested for rinderpest antibodies using the
standard virus neutralisation test (VNT) technique: 77·4% were positive while 22·6% gave negative results. The data were cross-classified
according to five variables: herd management, breed, age, sex and geographic region (grazing location). The percentage antibody-positivity
level (taken as an approximation of past experience with rinderpest antigen and the corresponding prevalence ratio estimates
of relative risk) for each variable are discussed within the context of the known characteristics of immunity to rinderpest
in endemic areas and the husbandry practices of the cattle owners in the study area. Results suggest that rinderpest “hot-spots”
of transmission and/or low level of herd immunity should be mapped out for concentrated efforts to vaccinate calves and young
adults so that the high level of antibody-positivity observed in this study can be maintained and transmission permanently
interrupted.
Resumen Se utilizaron los resultados del análisis de la información base de un reconocimiento epidemiológico de rinderpest, para proponer
una estratégia de vacunación contra la enfermedad en el Sur de Sudán. Se analizaron 4074 (47%) sueros bovinos de una muestra
de 8565 colectados en una serie de reconocimientos seccionales cruzados, realizados en 400 colonias ganaderas en la Provincia
de Bahr el Ghazal situada en el Sur de Sudán; la prueba de laboratorio utilizada para detectar anticuerpos fue la de neutralización
viral (PNV). De éstos, 77·4% fueron positivos mientras que 22·6% dieron resultados negativos. Los datos se clasificaron en
forma cruzada, teniendo en cuenta cinco variables: Manejo del hato, raza, edad, sexo y región geográfica (lugar de pastoreo).
Se discute el porcentaje del nivel de anticuerpos positivos (tomado como una aproximación de la experiencia pasada con el
antígeno de rinderpest y el estimado del nivel de prevalencia correspondiente del riesgo relativo) para cada variable, dentro
del contexto de las características conocidas de la inmunidad contra rinderpest en áreas endémicas y las prácticas de manejo
de los propietarios del ganado en el área de estudio. Los resultados sugieren, que los lugares peligrosos que contienen rinderpest
virulentos y/o lugares en donde existe el riesgo de transmisión de la enfermedad debido al bajo nivel de anticuerpos deben
delimitarse, para así concentrar los esfuerzos hacia la vacunación de terneros y adultos jóvenes, de manera tal, que los altos
niveles de anticuerpos observados en este estudio puedan mantenerse y la transmisión pueda interrumpirse permanentemente.
Résumé Les resultats de l'analyse des données d'une enquête sur la peste bovine ont permis de proposer une stratégie de lutte contre
cette maladie au Sud-Soudan. Les anticorps bovipestiques ont été recherchés par la technique standard du test de neutralisation
du virus (VNT) sur des sérums provenant de 4074 prélèvements (47 p. 100) effectués sur 8565 têtes de bétail issues de plusieurs
enquêtes avec recoupements dans 400 campements pastoraux de la province de Bahr el Ghazal au Sud-Soudan. 74 p. 100 des résultats
ont été positifs; 22, 6p. 100 ont été négatifs. Les données ont fait l'objet d'un classement croisé en fonction de cinq variables:
mode de gestion du troupeau, race, age, sexe et région géographique (parcours pastoraux). Le niveau, en pourcentage, des anticorps
positifs retenu comme moyen d'approximation entre l'expérience antérieure avec l'antigène bovipestique et l'estimation du
taux d'incidence correspondant au risque relatif pour chaque variable, fait l'objet d'une discussion dans le contexte des
caractéristiques communes de l'immunité contre la peste bovine pour les zones d'endémicité et les modes de gestion des troupeaux
dans la zone étudiée. Les résultats suggèrent que les “points chauds” de tranmission et/ou les faibles taux d'immunité des
troupeaux pourraient faire l'objet d'une carte comparative afin de concentrer les efforts de vaccination des veaux et des
jeunes adultes pour maintenir le seuil élevé de positivité antigénique observé et interrompre la transmission permanente de
la maladie.
A longitudinal study was carried out in Kikuyu Division (a peri-urban area in central Kenyan highlands) between January 1999 and December 1999 to estimate the baseline parameters on reproductive performance of the sow, as well as health and productivity of grower and preweaning pigs of smallholder herds. Data were collected on 155 breeding pigs, 795 grower pigs and 801 preweaning piglets in 74, 50 and 40 smallholder herds, respectively, using record cards that were updated during monthly visits.
The sow-level medians were: weaning-to-service interval 3 months; interfarrowing interval 6.4 months; number of live-born piglets 9.0; and number of piglets weaned per litter 7.5. The piglet crude morbidity incidence risk was 29%. The cause-specific incidence risks for the important health problems encountered in preweaned piglets were diarrhea (4.3%), pruritus (17.1%), and skin necrosis (4.2%). The estimated crude mortality incidence risk to 8 weeks of age was 18.7%. The cause-specific mortality incidence risks to 8 weeks of age for the important causes of mortality were overlying (9.9%), savaging (2.4%), unviable piglets (2.0%) and unknown (1.9%). Overall, 78.8% of the total live-born piglet mortality occurred during the first week postpartum with 69% of these deaths being caused by overlying. The grower-pig crude morbidity incidence risk was 20% and the cause-specific incidence risks of the important health problems encountered were gut edema (1.3%), pruritus (21.1%), and unknown (2.3%). The crude mortality incidence risk was 3.8% and the important causes were gut edema and unknown causes (cause-specific mortality incidence risks of 1.3 and 1.6%, respectively). The median weight:age ratio and average daily weight gain for the grower pigs were 5.1 kg/month of age and 0.13 kg/day, respectively. For preweaning pigs, the median average daily weight gain was 0.13 g/day. 相似文献
A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Salmonella and to associate management factors in fattening pigs in a production compartment of northern Thailand. A total of 194 fecal samples and 166 environmental samples were collected from 22 fattening pig herds for isolation and identification of Salmonella. An additional 427 serum samples were collected from the same herds to determine Salmonella antibodies using ELISA. A questionnaire was used to collect management factors likely to be associated with Salmonella identification. Prevalence of Salmonella in each sample and its confidence interval was adjusted for clustering by herds using linearization technique. A generalized estimating equation was used to determine the odds ratio and significance level for each management factor in a logistic regression model. Salmonella was found in all 22 study pig herds with a fecal sample prevalence of 63% (95%CI: 56-69%) and a serum sample prevalence of 72%. However, isolation results were not significantly different from ELISA results. The most isolated serotype was Salmonella Rissen (49%) followed by Salmonella Typhimurium (19%), Salmonella Stanley (12%) and Salmonella Weltevreden (4%) being significantly different in the different specimens collected (p=.024). The final logistic regression model with isolation results as outcome showed that medium herd size (OR=2.32, p=0.003), quality certification according to the Department of Livestock Development standard (OR=1.88, p=0.000), use of effective microorganisms (OR=1.51, p=0.022), slurry waste management (OR=2.17, p=0.000) and less number of pigs per pen (OR=1.12, p=0.000) were significantly associated with positive Salmonella isolation; with positive ELISA results, however, only the use of effective microorganisms was significantly associated (OR=2.63, p=0.011). 相似文献
