Foot-and-mouth disease virus: a first inter-laboratory comparison trial to evaluate virus isolation and RT-PCR detection methods     

Ferris NP  King DP  Reid SM  Hutchings GH  Shaw AE  Paton DJ  Goris N  Haas B  Hoffmann B  Brocchi E  Bugnetti M  Dekker A  De Clercq K 《Veterinary microbiology》2006,117(2-4):130-140

Five European reference laboratories participated in an exercise to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of their routinely employed RT-PCR tests and cell cultures for the detection and isolation of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus. Five identical sets of 20 coded samples were prepared from 10 vesicular epithelia, which were derived from submissions from suspect cases of FMD or swine vesicular disease (SVD). Sixteen samples were derived from six FMD virus positive epithelia representing four different serotypes (two each of types O and A and one each of types Asia 1 and SAT 2), two from samples which had been found to be negative by antigen ELISA and virus isolation (VI) in cell culture and two from SVD virus positive epithelia. Some of the FMD virus positive samples were prepared from 10-fold serial dilutions of three of the initial suspensions. Each laboratory tested the samples by one or more of its available RT-PCR procedures and inoculated cell cultures that it routinely uses for FMD diagnosis in attempts to isolate virus, the specificity of which was confirmed by antigen ELISA. The best of the RT-PCR assays used in each laboratory gave comparable results while the sensitivity of cell cultures was variable from high in one laboratory, moderate in two and low in two others. This prototype panel of samples would appear suitable for external quality assurance of these tests but would benefit from the inclusion of more negative samples and an extension in the serial dilution range of one or more of the FMD positive sample titration series.  相似文献   

Classical swine fever outbreak containment using antiviral supplementation: a potential alternative to emergency vaccination and stamping-out     

Ribbens S  Goris N  Neyts J  Dewulf J 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2012,106(1):34-41

Classical swine fever (CSF) outbreaks may result in huge economic losses to countries with densely populated pig areas (DPLAs). The EU minimum control measures require depopulation of infected farms, movement restrictions, zoning and surveillance (EU Minimum strategy). Emergency vaccination is authorised for DPLAs although the EU Minimum strategy plus culling in a 1-km ring around infected premises is preferred. Nonetheless, vaccination in a 2-km ring has been found equally effective as 1-km ring culling using stochastic modelling. Alternatives control measures (e.g. antiviral agents, in particular small molecule inhibitors of the CSFV replication) are being explored. Hence, the present study was set up to simulate inter-herd CSFV spread when antiviral molecules are supplemented to pig feed in a 1-km ring around infected farms. The effectiveness of the antiviral strategy for containing CSF outbreaks was compared to six other control scenarios including the EU Minimum strategy, the EU preferred policy for DPLAs and the use of 2-km ring vaccination. The InterSpread Plus model was adapted to the 2006 Belgian pig population and outbreak simulations were performed with a fast spreading CSFV strain entering a DPLA in Belgium. Four out of the seven control strategies resulted in outbreaks that were controlled by the end of the simulation period (i.e. 365 days). The distributions of the number of infected herds and the duration of the predicted outbreaks for these four control strategies were not different. This is the first report investigating CSF outbreak containment using antiviral molecules. Although antiviral supplementation was not found to perform any better than some other conventional strategies, such as pre-emptive culling and emergency vaccination, it might be worthwhile considering it further as additional tool in a response to CSF outbreaks.  相似文献   

Evaluation of antibody-ELISA and real-time RT-PCR for the diagnosis and profiling of bluetongue virus serotype 8 during the epidemic in Belgium in 2006   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Vandenbussche F  Vanbinst T  Verheyden B  Van Dessel W  Demeestere L  Houdart P  Bertels G  Praet N  Berkvens D  Mintiens K  Goris N  De Clercq K 《Veterinary microbiology》2008,129(1-2):15-27

In 2006 bluetongue (BT) emerged for the first time in North-Western Europe. Reliable diagnostic tools are essential in controlling BT but data on the diagnostic sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) are often missing. This paper aims to describe and analyse the results obtained with the diagnostics used in Belgium during the 2006 BT crisis. The diagnosis was based on a combination of antibody detection (competitive ELISA, cELISA) and viral RNA detection by real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). The performance of the cELISA as a diagnostic tool was assessed on field results obtained during the epidemic and previous surveillance campaigns. As the infectious status of the animals is unknown during an epidemic, a Bayesian analysis was performed. Both assays were found to be equally specific (RT-qPCR: 98.5%; cELISA: 98.2%) while the diagnostic sensitivity of the RT-qPCR (99.5%) was superior to that of the cELISA (87.8%). The assumption of RT-qPCR as standard of comparison during the bluetongue virus (BTV) epidemic proved valid based on the results of the Bayesian analysis. A ROC analysis of the cELISA, using RT-qPCR as standard of comparison, showed that the cut-off point with the highest accuracy occurred at a percentage negativity of 66, which is markedly higher than the cut-off proposed by the manufacturer. The analysis of the results was further extended to serological and molecular profiling and the possible use of profiling as a rapid epidemiological marker of the BTV in-field situation was assessed. A comparison of the serological profiles obtained before, during and at the end of the Belgian epidemic clearly showed the existence of an intermediate zone which appears soon after BTV (re)enters the population. The appearance or disappearance of this intermediate zone is correlated with virus circulation and provides valuable information, which would be entirely overlooked if only positive and negative results were considered.  相似文献   

Transplacental bluetongue infection in cattle     

De Clercq K  Vandenbussche F  Vandemeulebroucke E  Vanbinst T  De Leeuw I  Verheyden B  Goris N  Mintiens K  Méroc E  Herr C  Hooybergs J  Houdart P  Sustronck B  De Deken R  Maquet G  Bughin J  Saulmont M  Lebrun M  Bertels G  Miry C 《The Veterinary record》2008,162(17):564

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Antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities of Pinus radiata bark extract in salmonid cell lines          下载免费PDF全文

Allisson Astuya  Javiera Ziehe  Alejandra Rivera  Sebastián Ortiz  Viviana Ulloa  Marlene Roeckel  Estrella Aspé  Katherina Fernández 《Aquaculture Research》2017,48(7):3568-3578

A fish meal supply shortage is limiting aquaculture development. Currently, plant‐based proteins, such as soya bean meal, are being used as an alternative protein source, despite that such a diet can adversely affect fish, such as by inducing an inflammatory response. A possible solution is to include dietary additives in farm diets to counteract negative effects. One such solution originates from pine bark extracts, which present bioactive properties. In this study, the antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties of Pinus radiata bark extracts were evaluated for the first time in a salmonid cell line. This extract chemically demonstrated antioxidant activity through 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH = 58.4 ± 1.1%) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP = 575 ± 17 mgEqFe(II)·g extract^?1) assays. Additionally, the extract showed high flavonoid and phenolic compound contents. Up to 100 mg mL^?1, the P. radiata extract showed no cytotoxicity in the CHSE‐214 salmonid embryo cell line. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of the extract (50 μg mL^?1) was evaluated by a dichlorofluorescein (DCFH) assay in the SHK‐1 salmon cell line challenged with an oxidant stimulus (H₂O₂), showing 58.9% activity. The extract also protected DNA from oxidative damage, as observed through a comet assay. When assessing anti‐inflammatory properties in an in vitro inflammation model, the extract significantly reduced the relative expression of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) and of the inducible cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) enzyme. These results suggest a potential application of P. radiata bark extract in functional foods in aquaculture.  相似文献   

A survey of small animal disease in veterinary practice in the UK     

Jennifer Summers  Anke Hendricks  Anette Loeffler  Katherina Stärk  Dave Brodbelt 《The Journal of small animal practice》2009,50(9):504-504

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Métabolisme glucidique de la racine de carotte cultivée (variété Nantaise demi-longue) au cours du cycle végétatif de la plante     

M. André Goris 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1969,18(4):307-330

Tuberisation of the carrot root is accompanied by a regular accumulation of soluble carbohydrates, greater in the case of saccharose than for glucose and fructose, so that very soon the reserve is principally disaccharide in nature. At first there is also slight formation of starch but it generally disappears by the end of autumn.The role of the tissues of the carrot root does not seem to be merely that of accumulating sugars provided by the leaves, but also of taking part to a certain degree in the synthesis of the saccharose that they contain. The formation of starch appears to be related to the osmotic pressure of the cells which rises with the increase of sugars.The ripening of carrots is not a well-defined physiological phenomenon. It may be regarded as corresponding to the time when the level of soluble sugars attains a constant value, even if the root continues to grow and consequently accumulate a further quantity of sugar.Development of the tuberous root and accumulation of sugars do not cease under the influence of climatic conditions, but depend on the date of sowing, as if they were limited by an ageing of the cells.Winter normally brings about a break in the development of the roots and a beginning of the utilisation of sugars. However, in plants sown late, the roots continue to grow and accumulate soluble sugars until mid-winter. A part of these sugars results from the hydrolysis of starch, but some are assimilated by the few green leaves that persist.In spring, vegetation is resumed after rehydration of tissues that were partly dehydrated during the accumulation of sugars. Formation of the flowering stalk is accompanied by the progressive disappearance of all sugars, which does not permit the attribution to any particular sugar of a specific biological role either in the formation of cell constituents or in the release of energy.It also appears that saccharose is not a merely passive form of reserve sugar, but that it is probably involved in certain reactions as a metabolite independent of the two reducing sugars.The period of flowering is independent of the time of sowing.In the tuberous root of the carrot, as in that of the sugar-beet and the rhizome of Jerusalem artichoke, the levels of ash and sugar vary inversely. The phenomenon has no biological significance, as claimed by certain authors, since the high rate of sugar accumulation affects the ratio only in a mathematical sense by reducing the relative percentage of ash.

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Zusammenfassung Die Wurzelbildung der Karotten wird begleitet von einer gleichmäßigen Zunahme löslicher Kohlenhydrate, wobei der Anteil der Saccharose stärker wächst als der der Glukose, so daß die Biose bald die Kohlenhydrat-Hauptreserve ist. Anfangs findet auch eine Bildung von Stärke statt, aber immer in sehr geringer Menge. Die Stärke verschwindet gegen Ende des Herbstes. Die Rolle des Karottengewebes scheint sich nicht nur auf die Anhäufung des durch die Blätter zugeführten Zuckers zu beschränken, sondern es nimmt auch in einem gewissen Maße Anteil an der Synthese der Saccharose, die im Gewebe enthalten ist. Die Bildung der Stärke scheint an die osmotische Spannung der Zelle, die sich immer durch den Beitrag des Zuckers erhöht, gebunden zu sein. Die Maturation der Karotte ist kein wohldefiniertes physiologisches Phänomen. Man kann sie als den Zeitpunkt beschreiben, in dem der Gehalt des löslichen Zuckers einen fast konstanten Wert erreicht, auch wenn die Speicherwurzel weiter wächst und dadurch neue Mengen an Kohlenhydraten anhäuft.Die Entwicklung der Wurzel und die Zunahme des Zuckers hört nicht unter dem Einfluß der klimatischen Bedingungen auf, sondern hängt ab vom Datum der Aussaat, als wäre sie begrenzt durch ein Älterwerden der Zellen.Im Winter stimmt normalerweise das Aufhören der Entwicklung der Wurzeln und der Beginn des Verbrauchs der Kohlenhydrate überein, während bei den Pflanzen, die später ausgesät werden, die Wurzeln noch wachsen und immer noch löslichen Zucker bis zur Mitte dieser Jahreszeit anhäufen. Ein Teil dieses Zuckers entstammt der Stärkehydrolyse, ein anderer bildet sich noch durch die chlorophyllische Assimilation, die in beschränktem Maße mittels einiger lebendig gebliebener Blätter fortdauert. Im Frühling beginnt die Wiederaufnahme des Wachstums mit einer Wiederhydratation der Wurzelgewebe, die während der Anhäufung der Kohlenhydrate teilweise ausgetrocknet waren. Die Bildung des blühenden Stengels wird begleitet von dem fortschreitenden Verschwinden sämtlicher Zucker, ohne daß man jedem eine biologische Rolle zuschreiben kann, sei es in der Bildung der Zellbestandteile oder in der Energieerzeugung. Es scheint auch, daß die Saccharose nicht nur als passive Reserve der reduzierenden Zucker angesehen werden darf, sondern daß sie wahrscheinlich wie ein Stoffwechselprodukt unabhängig von ihren beiden Bestandteilen in bestimmte Reaktionen eingreift.Die Blütezeit tritt unabhängig vom Zeitpunkt der Aussaat ein.In der Wurzel der Möhre sowie in der der roten Rübe und im Rhizom des Topinamburs verändern sich die Gehalte von Asche und Zucker umgekehrt. Dieses Phänomen hat keine biologische Bedeutung, wie bestimmte Autoren meinen, denn die starke Anhäufung der Zucker beeinflußt das Zucker-Asche-Verhältnis nur mathematisch gesehen infolge Herabdrücken des Prozentsatzes der Mineralstoffe.

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Quantitative analysis of red wine tannins using Fourier-transform mid-infrared spectrometry   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Fernandez K  Agosin E 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(18):7294-7300

Tannin content and composition are critical quality components of red wines. No spectroscopic method assessing these phenols in wine has been described so far. We report here a new method using Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy and chemometric techniques for the quantitative analysis of red wine tannins. Calibration models were developed using protein precipitation and phloroglucinolysis as analytical reference methods. After spectra preprocessing, six different predictive partial least-squares (PLS) models were evaluated, including the use of interval selection procedures such as iPLS and CSMWPLS. PLS regression with full-range (650-4000 cm(-1)), second derivative of the spectra and phloroglucinolysis as the reference method gave the most accurate determination for tannin concentration (RMSEC = 2.6%, RMSEP = 9.4%, r = 0.995). The prediction of the mean degree of polymerization (mDP) of the tannins also gave a reasonable prediction (RMSEC = 6.7%, RMSEP = 10.3%, r = 0.958). These results represent the first step in the development of a spectroscopic methodology for the quantification of several phenolic compounds that are critical for wine quality.  相似文献   

Screening of two probiotic products for use in fermented liquid feed   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J.A.M. Missotten  J. Michiels  J. Goris  L. Herman  M. Heyndrickx  S. De Smet  N.A. Dierick 《Livestock Science》2007,108(1-3):232-235

In this trial two commercial probiotic products (Bactocell® and Adjulact® Pro) were investigated in vitro for their use as microbial inoculum for the production of fermented liquid feed (FLF) for pigs. Bactocell® was applied at a dose of 9 and 10 log₁₀ CFU/kg and Adjulact® Pro at a level of 9 log₁₀ CFU/kg. The FLF (control and treatments) was prepared with a water to feed ratio of 4:1 and run in batch for 72 h at 30 °C. The microbial population was followed with plate countings and the lactic acid, acetic acid and ethanol concentration was determined at different time points in the FLF. After 24 h, significant differences (P < 0.05) were found between the control and the Adjulact® Pro FLF for pH (4.7 vs 4.3), lactic acid (57.9 vs 91.5 mmol/L), acetic acid (23.1 vs 6.8 mmol/L), ethanol (24.5 vs 1.1 mmol/L), coliforms (7.2 vs 4.3 log₁₀ CFU/mL) and E. coli (6.2 vs 4.4 log₁₀ CFU/mL). Bactocell® addition did not alter the fermentation characteristics compared to the control FLF. After 72 h no significant differences between treatments were noted, except for the yeast count which was higher in the FLF inoculated with Adjulact® Pro.  相似文献   

Prevalence of antibodies against feline panleukopenia virus in client-owned cats in Southern Germany     

Katherina Mende  Bianca Stuetzer  Carola Sauter-Louis  Timo Homeier  Uwe Truyen  Katrin Hartmann 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2014,199(3):419-423

Feline panleukopenia is a frequent and commonly fatal disease of cats. Recent published studies have raised suspicions that some cats fail to develop antibodies after vaccination. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of antibodies against feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) in cats in Southern Germany, and to identify factors that are associated with a lack of antibodies. In total, 350 cats presented to the Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet were randomly included in the study. Information regarding signalment, origin, environment, lifestyle, housing conditions, health status, chronic diseases, glucocorticoid therapy, and vaccination status were collected. Antibodies were detected by haemagglutination inhibition test. Asymptomatic chi-squared tests and univariable logistic regression were used to investigate associations between a lack of antibodies and the different variables. Associations determined to be statistically significant at P < 0.1 were verified by a multivariable logistic regression analysis.Of the 350 cats, 103 (29.4%) had no antibodies against FPV. Chronic kidney disease, neoplasia, glucocorticoid therapy, and vaccination status were significantly associated with a lack of antibodies. The cats with no antibodies were likely to have inadequate immunity against panleukopenia and those with chronic diseases or receiving glucocorticoids were less likely to be protected.  相似文献