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1.
V. P. Sharma T. K. Wan G. H. S. Hooper B. Würzer Klara B. Balász J. Bodor 《Journal of pest science》1969,42(1):14-15
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Purpose
The potential heat load and stormwater reduction of the anthropogenic, lightweight soil systems, such as green roofs, are valuable to heat island effect mitigation and to urban water management. Benefits of extensive green roofs, as widely used vegetated roof system with very thin soil layer, could be threatened by temporal changes of the soil structure.Materials and methods
Green roof raised beds filled with two different anthropogenic soils (artificially constructed stripped topsoil with admixed crushed bricks and a commercial mixture of a technogenic substrate) were built to investigate the benefits of such systems in a temperate climate. These two soils were chosen with the intent to compare their thermal and water regime. One soil is expected to be favorable for hydrological functioning, whereas the other one for the thermal performance. Temperature and water balance measurements complemented with meteorological observations and knowledge of physical properties of the soil substrates provide the basis for detailed analysis of a thermal and hydrological regime in green roof raised beds. Moreover, the state of pedogenesis was studied on undisturbed soil samples by means of X-ray computed tomography.Results and discussion
The water balance of green roof raised beds was calculated for a whole vegetation season and individual rainfall events. Runoff from raised beds was 38 and 63 % of received rainfall. On the basis of a detailed analysis of individual rainfall events, rainfall-runoff dependency was found for both raised beds. The difference between measured actual evapotranspiration and calculated potential evapotranspiration was discussed on the period with contrasting conditions in terms of moisture stress. Thermal characteristics of soil substrates result in a highly contrasting diurnal variation of soil temperatures. Analysis of X-ray computed tomography-derived macroporosity profiles reveals significant temporal changes in the soil comprised of the stripped topsoil with admixed crushed bricks.Conclusions
Both green roof systems were able to reduce heat load of roof construction when comparing with the concrete roof construction. Similarly, received rainfall was significantly reduced. The extent of rainfall reduction mainly depends on soil, vegetation status, and experienced weather patterns. Methods used for non-invasive imaging proved to be beneficial for studying of soil structure changes.3.
Klara Cecilia Gunnarsen Lars Stoumann Jensen Beatriz Gmez-Muoz Minik Thorleif Rosing Andreas de Neergaard 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2019,182(5):846-856
Rock flour (RF) is a fine‐grained material produced naturally by glacial movement and resulting bedrock abrasion. In Greenland fluvial transported RF from the inland ice sheet sediments in riverbeds and marine outflows. This fine‐sized RF (50% < 9.8 µm) has a high reactivity and may therefore potentially be used to rejuvenate nutrient poor soils and provide nutrients to plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of a RF from Greenland to supply P, K, Mg, and S to plants. A double‐pot system was used, in which ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) could take up nutrients from both a hydroponic solution and a soil‐compartment with or without RF amendment; a soil mixture or pure sand was used in the soil‐compartment to estimate RF‐soil interaction effects. Omission of single nutrients from the hydroponic solution allowed assessment of which nutrients the RF in the soil‐compartment was able to supply. Ryegrass biomass was harvested four times during 62 days. We found that RF could supply K continuously to plants grown in soil or sand, but insufficient to fully circumvent K deficiency. During 62 days 5.8% and 4.3% of the applied K from RF was accumulated in the aboveground plant tissue in soil and sand, respectively. Mg was supplied from RF to plants in sand, but no significant effects were observed in soil, possibly due to background soil Mg availability. The amounts of P and S supplied to plants were insignificant. These results indicate the potential of Greenland RF to act as a slow release K and Mg fertilizer. 相似文献
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Distributions of imidacloprid,imidacloprid‐olefin and imidacloprid‐urea in green plant tissues and roots of rapeseed (Brassica napus) from artificially contaminated potting soil 
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下载免费PDF全文 Marcela Seifrtova Tatana Halesova Klara Sulcova Katerina Riddellova Tomas Erban 《Pest management science》2017,73(5):1010-1016
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Effects of winter snow cover on photoinhibition and possible interactions with winter desiccation were investigated in situ in an evergreen subalpine woody species, Rhododendron ferrugineum L., at the alpine timberline (1950 m a.s.l.). Timing and duration of complete snow cover markedly influenced potential efficiency of photosystem II (PSII; F(v) /F(m)). Lack of snow cover led to severe but mostly reversible photoinhibition with F(v)/F(m) values as low as 0.05. Complete snow cover immediately stopped further reductions in PSII efficiency. Snow cover promoted recovery from photoinhibition, but only if, in addition to shading by snow, plants were exposed to nonfreezing temperatures close to 0 degrees C. The F(v)/F(m) ratio was closely related to minimum leaf temperatures because both photoinhibition and recovery from photoinhibition were strongly influenced by temperature. The period without major reductions in PSII efficiency lasted for only two months, reflecting the extremely short growing period in the subalpine environment. Compared with complete snow cover, incomplete snow cover led to significantly higher water losses as well as lower dehydration tolerance, because both osmotic adjustment and changes in turgor maintenance capacity were significantly reduced. Interactions between photoinhibition and winter desiccation were masked by the direct effects of freezing temperatures. However, both photoinhibition and winter desiccation are closely linked and occur together under field conditions in this evergreen subalpine woody species. 相似文献
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Nielsen EO Lauritsen KT Friis NF Enøe C Hagedorn-Olsen T Jungersen G 《Veterinary microbiology》2005,111(1-2):41-50
A novel indirect ELISA test using deoxycholate extracted antigens coated onto a hydrophobic polystyrene surface for measurement of serum antibodies specific for Mycoplasma hyosynoviae was developed. Sensitivity and specificity of the test were found to be superior to previous ELISAs as tested on porcine serum following experimental Mycoplasma infections as well as by analysis of samples from one Danish herd known to be free of M. hyosynoviae and samples from two Norwegian herds without clinical suspicion of M. hyosynoviae infections since their establishment. The epidemiology of M. hyosynoviae infection was then investigated in Danish pig herds with evidence of clinical M. hyosynoviae arthritis (MhA herds, n = 4) and in herds with M. hyosynoviae-carriers among slaughter pigs, but with limited clinical lameness (MhC herds, n = 4). M. hyosynoviae bacteriaemia and tonsil-carrier state were determined by culture of cross-sectional samples of whole-blood (n = 238) and tonsil scrapings (n = 322), respectively. Levels of serum antibodies (n = 396) were measured by the novel indirect ELISA test. There was no significant difference in the ELISA results between the MhA and the MhC herds. Pigs that were tonsil-carriers had a significantly higher response in the ELISA test (P < 0.001) than non-carriers. Slaughter pigs showed higher ELISA values (P < 0.001) and they were more prone to be tonsil-carriers (P < 0.001). The most critical period for spread of the infection seems to be the nursery period (4-12 weeks). The results indicate that M. hyosynoviae infection progresses similarly in herds irrespective of the presence of clinical arthritis. Thus, clinical arthritis due to M. hyosynoviae is probably triggered by other host or herd factors than low levels of serum antibodies or by differences in virulence factors between M. hyosynoviae strains. 相似文献
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Grubhoffer L Golovchenko M Vancová M Zacharovová-Slavícková K Rudenko N Oliver JH 《Folia parasitologica》2005,52(4):279-294
Lyme borreliosis (LB) is a serious infectious disease of humans and some domestic animals in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It is caused by certain spirochetes in the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) species complex. The complex consists of 11 species (genospecies). Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), Borrelia garinii and Borrelia afzelii are the major agents of human disease. Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. species are transmitted mainly by ticks belonging to the Ixodes ricinus species complex plus a few additional species not currently assigned to the complex. B. burgdorferi infections may produce an acute or chronic disease with a wide array of clinical symptoms such as erythema migrans (EM), carditis, arthritis, neuroborreliosis, and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA). Differences in LB spirochetes 'genospecies' and strains/isolates determine the occurrence and severity of this multi-system disease. Accurate and reliable identification of the LB spirochetes in ticks as well as knowledge of their prevalence are essential for prevention against the disease and development of an effective vaccine. An overview of the knowledge of molecular factors with emphasis on potential protein-carbohydrate interactions in the tick-borrelia system is the main focus of this review. 相似文献
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Abi-Rached L Jobin MJ Kulkarni S McWhinnie A Dalva K Gragert L Babrzadeh F Gharizadeh B Luo M Plummer FA Kimani J Carrington M Middleton D Rajalingam R Beksac M Marsh SG Maiers M Guethlein LA Tavoularis S Little AM Green RE Norman PJ Parham P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6052):89-94
Whole genome comparisons identified introgression from archaic to modern humans. Our analysis of highly polymorphic human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I, vital immune system components subject to strong balancing selection, shows how modern humans acquired the HLA-B*73 allele in west Asia through admixture with archaic humans called Denisovans, a likely sister group to the Neandertals. Virtual genotyping of Denisovan and Neandertal genomes identified archaic HLA haplotypes carrying functionally distinctive alleles that have introgressed into modern Eurasian and Oceanian populations. These alleles, of which several encode unique or strong ligands for natural killer cell receptors, now represent more than half the HLA alleles of modern Eurasians and also appear to have been later introduced into Africans. Thus, adaptive introgression of archaic alleles has significantly shaped modern human immune systems. 相似文献
10.
Estelle Kuhn Klara Goethals Charles El-Nouty Luc Duchateau 《Journal of Agricultural, Biological & Environmental Statistics》2016,21(4):601-618
The association between infection times of the udder quarters of a dairy cow is essential information for the preventive control of udder infections in a dairy cow herd. Extensions of the correlated frailty model are proposed to investigate and compare different correlation structures among the four udder quarter infection times clustered within a cow. Such complex frailty models can be fitted with the SAEM-MCMC algorithm. It is demonstrated that substantial correlation exists between the udder quarter infection times, with the correlation within front and rear udder quarters being larger than between front and rear udder quarters. This signifies that an infected udder quarter is a risk factor for the other udder quarters, especially when the udder quarter is in the same region, i.e., front or rear. 相似文献