Clinical trial of parvaquone for the treatment of East Coast fever in Kenya   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

S Chema  S Waghela  A D James  T T Dolan  A S Young  W N Masiga  A D Irvin  G H Mulela  L S Wekesa 《The Veterinary record》1986,118(21):588-589

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Clinical exercise testing in the normal Thoroughbred racehorse   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

RJ ROSE  DK HENDRICKSON  PK KNIGHT 《Australian veterinary journal》1990,67(10):345-348

To evaluate normal cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses of Thoroughbred horses to a standardised treadmill exercise test, we examined 28 horses ranging in age from 1 to 4 years. The group consisted of eight yearlings, eight 2-year-olds and twelve 3 and 4-year-olds. All horses except the yearlings were in training, and either racing or ready to race, at the time of examination. None of the horses had histories of performance problems. On the first day the horses received a full physical examination, resting electrocardiogram, upper respiratory tract endoscopy and either one or two acclimatisation runs on the treadmill. The following day they were given an exercise test on a treadmill inclined at 6 degrees (+10% slope). The test consisted of 3 min at 4 m/sec, 90 sec at 6 m/sec and 60 sec intervals at 8, 10, 11, 12 and 13 m/sec. During the last 15 sec of each step, blood samples were collected for plasma lactate determination, expired respiratory gases were obtained using an open flow mask system for measurement of oxygen uptake, and heart rate was measured using telemetry electrocardiogram. From these measurements, various derived values were calculated, which have been used by others as indices of exercise capacity. These values included: V200 (speed at HR of 200 bpm), VHRmax (speed at which horses reached maximum HR), VO2-200 (oxygen uptake at a HR of 200 bpm), VO2max (maximum oxygen uptake), VLA4 (speed at which horses reached a plasma lactate of 4 mmol/l) and HRLA4 (HR at which horses reached a plasma lactate of 4 mmol/l). The yearlings had significantly lower values than the older age groups for most of the derived values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

Indirect infection of cattle with contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.     

R S Windsor  W N Masiga 《Research in veterinary science》1977,23(2):230-236

Hay infected with Mycoplasma mycoides sub-species mycoides (M mycoides) was fed to six animals on three occasions. Five animals developed complement-fixing antibody in their sera and gave a positive reaction to the comparative intradermal allergic test. No animal died from contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) but when they were killed, three had unequivocal lesions of the disease. M mycoides was isolated from the animals with these lesions but not from the others. CBPP was transmitted to two animals put in contact with those animals showing disease, and M mycoides was recovered from lesions in both animals. It is suggested that when unexplained outbreaks of CBPP occur, the possibility of indirect transmission should be considered.  相似文献   

Cardiovascular effects of sevoflurane in Holstein calves     

SA Greene DVM  MS  DiplomateACVA    RD Keegan DVM  DiplomateACVA    RA Valdez† DVM  & DK Knowles† DVM  PhD 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2002,29(2):59-63

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the cardiovascular effects of sevoflurane in calves. Study design Prospective experimental study. Animals Six, healthy, 8–12‐week‐old Holstein calves weighing 80 ± 4.5 (mean ± SEM) kg were studied. Methods Anesthesia was induced by face‐mask administration of 7% sevoflurane in O₂. Calves tracheae were intubated, placed in right lateral recumbency, and maintained with 3.7% end‐tidal concentration sevoflurane for 30 minutes to allow catheterization of the auricular artery and placement of a Swan‐Ganz thermodilution catheter into the pulmonary artery. After instrumentation, administration of sevoflurane was temporarily discontinued until mean arterial pressure was > 100 mm Hg. Baseline values were recorded and the vaporizer output increased to administer 3.7% end‐tidal sevoflurane concentration. Ventilation was controlled to maintain normocapnia. The following were recorded at 5, 10, 15, 30 and 45 minutes after collection of baseline data and expressed as the mean value (± SEM): direct systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures; cardiac output; mean pulmonary arterial pressure; pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure, heart rate; and pulmonary arterial temperature. Cardiac index and systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance values were calculated using standard formulae. Arterial blood gases were analyzed at baseline, and at 15 and 45 minutes. Differences from baseline values were determined using one‐way analysis of variance for repeated measures with post‐hoc differences between mean values identified using Dunnet's test (p < 0.05). Results Mean time from beginning sevoflurane administration to intubation of the trachea was 224 ± 9 seconds. The mean end‐tidal sevoflurane concentration at baseline was 0.7 (± 0.11)%. Sevoflurane anesthesia was associated with decreased arterial blood pressure at all sampling times. Mean arterial blood pressure decreased from a baseline value of 112 ± 7 mm Hg to a minimum value of 88 ± 4 mm Hg at 5 minutes. Compared with baseline, arterial pH was decreased at 15 minutes. Pulmonary arterial blood temperature was decreased at 15, 30 and 45 minutes. Arterial CO₂ tension increased from a baseline value of 43 ± 3 to 54 ± 4 mm Hg (5.7 ± 0.4 to 7.2 ± 0.3 kPa) at 15 minutes. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure was increased at 30 and 45 minutes. Pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure increased from a baseline value of 18 ± 2 to 23 ± 2 mm Hg at 45 minutes. There were no significant changes in other measured variables. All calves recovered from anesthesia uneventfully. Conclusion We conclude that sevoflurane for induction and maintenance of anesthesia was effective and reliable in these calves and that neither hypotension nor decreased cardiac output was a clinical concern. Clinical relevance Use of sevoflurane for mask induction and maintenance of anesthesia in young calves is a suitable alternative to injectable and other inhalant anesthetics.  相似文献   

Enhanced atrazine degradation is widespread across the United States          下载免费PDF全文

Thomas C Mueller  Ethan T Parker  Larry Steckel  Sharon A Clay  Micheal DK Owen  William S Curran  Randall Currie  Robert Scott  Christy Sprague  Daniel O Stephenson  Donnie K Miller  Eric P Prostko  W James Grichar  James Martin  L Jason Kruz  Kevin Bradley  Mark L Bernards  Peter Dotray  Stevan Knezevic  Vince Davis  Robert Klein 《Pest management science》2017,73(9):1953-1961

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Low expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit Mdα2 in neonicotinoid‐resistant strains of Musca domestica L.     

Mette DK Markussen  Michael Kristensen 《Pest management science》2010,66(11):1257-1262

BACKGROUND: Neonicotinoid action as well as resistance involves interaction with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). In the housefly, neonicotinoid resistance also involves cytochrome P450, as indicated by bioassay with synergist as well as altered expression. In bioassay, synergism was only partial and indicated possible target‐site resistance. The nAChR α2 subunit is important in neonicotinoid toxicity to insects, and gene expression of the Mdα2 subunit was investigated in field populations and laboratory strains of neonicotinoid‐resistant and insecticide‐susceptible houseflies, Musca domestica L. The genomic sequence covering exon III–VII of Mdα2 was analysed for mutations. RESULTS: Gene expression profiling of Mdα2 revealed notable differences between neonicotinoid‐resistant and insecticide‐susceptible houseflies. On average, the neonicotinoid‐resistant field population 766b and the imidacloprid selected strain 791imi had 60% lower copy numbers of Mdα2 compared with the susceptible reference strain. Sequencing of exon III–VII of the Mdα2, encoding acetylcholine binding‐site regions and three out of four transmembrane domains, did not reveal any mutations explaining the increased neonicotinoid tolerance in the strains examined. CONCLUSION: Previous discoveries and the results of this study suggest that the neonicotinoid resistance mechanism in Danish houseflies involves both cytochrome P450 monooxygenase‐mediated detoxification and reduced expression of the nAChR subunit α2. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Efficacy of different adjuvants to potentiate the immune response to Mycoplasma strain F-38     

G. L. Mulira  W. N. Masiga  E. Nandokha 《Tropical animal health and production》1988,20(1):30-34

Summary A study was carried out to determine the efficacy of different adjuvants in enhancing antibody response to sonicated F-38 antigens. Goats were immunised against CCPP using antigens incorporated in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (IFA), saponin, aluminium hydroxide gel and buffered saline (PBS) respectively. Antibody responses were determined. The goats were challenged four months after immunisation to assess their immune status. Two of eight goats given antigen in PBS, six of 10 goats given antigen in aluminium hydroxide, seven of eight goats given antigen in IFA and all 10 goats given antigen in saponin withstood the challenge. Saponin and IFA were similar in their immune potentiation ability and were superior to aluminium hydroxide. As IFA has been considered unsuitable for use in food animals saponin may prove valuable in vaccination of goats against CCPP caused by mycoplasma strain F-38.

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Eficacia De Diferentes Adjuvantes Para Potenciar La Respuesta Inmune A La Cepa De Micoplasma F-38

Resumen Se llevó a cabo un estudio para determinar la eficacia de diferentes adjuvantes, para mejorar la respuesta inmume de antígenos F-38 sonicados. Un grupo de cabras fue inmunizado contra pleuroneumonía contagiosa caprina usando antígenos incorporados en adjuvante incompleto de Freund, soponia, hidróxido de aluminio y solución salina tampón respectivamente. Se determinaron las respuestas inmunes. Las cabras fueron descargadas con cepas virulentas, cuatro meses después de la inmunización. Dos de ocho cabras a las cuales se les inoculó el antígeno en solución salina tampón, seis de 10 las cuales recibieron el antígeno en hidróxido de aluminio, siete de ocho que recibieron el antígeno en adjuvante de Freund y todas las 10 que recibieron el antígeno en soponina, resistieron la descarga. La soponina y el adjuvante de Freund, fueron similares en cuanto a la habilidad potenciador, siendo superiores al hidróxido de aluminio. Debido a que el adjuvante de Freund no se considera apropiado para usarlo en animales dedicados al consumo, la soponina podría ser valiosa en la vacunación de cabras contra la pleuroneumonía contagiosa caprina producida por la cepa F-38.

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Efficacite De Differents Adjuvants Pour Potentialiser La Reponse Immune Au Mycolplasme Souche F-38

Résumé On a entrepris une étude pour déterminer l'efficacitè de différents adjuvants augmentant la réponse en anticorps aux antigènes F-38 ultrasonnés. Les chèvres ont été immunisées contre la PPCC avec des antigènes respectivement incorporés dans un adjuvant de Freund incomplet (AF1), de la saponine, du gel d'alumine et un tampon PBS. Les réponses sérologiques ont été suivies. Les chèvres ont été éprouvées 4 mois après l'immunisation pour déterminer leur immunité. Deux chèvres ont résisté: deux chèvres sur huit ayant reçu l'antigène dans le PBS, six sur dix ayant reçu celui avec hydroxyde d'alumine, sept sur huit ayant reçu celui avec AF1 et toutes celles ayant reçu l'antigène avec la saponine. La saponine et l'AF1 sont identiques quant à leur capacité immuno-potentiatrice et sont supérieurs à l'hydroxyde d'alumine. Etant donné que l'AF1 est considéré comme inutilisable chez les animaux destinés à la consommation, la saponine peut se révéler utile pour les vaccinations des chèvres contre la PPCC causée par le mycoplasme souche F-38.

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Do farmers manage weeds on owned and rented land differently? Evidence from US corn and soybean farms     

George B Frisvold  Joshua Albright  David E Ervin  Micheal DK Owen  Jason K Norsworthy  Katherine E Dentzman  Terrance M Hurley  Raymond A Jussaume  Jeffrey L Gunsolus  Wesley Everman 《Pest management science》2020,76(6):2030-2039

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Financial Implications of Rearing Sheep and Goats under Natural Trypanosomosis Challenge at Galana Ranch,Kenya     

Irungu P  Nyamwaro SO  Masiga DK 《Tropical animal health and production》2002,34(6):503-513

A study to compare the profitability of rearing sheep and goats under natural trypanosomosis challenge was carried out on Galana ranch in south-eastern Kenya between July 1996 and October 1997. Seventy-nine male weaner sheep and 79 male weaner goats were monitored monthly for weight changes and fortnightly for trypanosomosis. The animals of each species were divided into two groups. Group 1 was an untreated control, while group 2 was treated with isometamidium chloride (Samorin) at 0.5 mg/kg body weight every 3 months. In both groups, trypanosome infections were detected by microscopy and treated with diminazene aceturate (Veriben), at 3.5 mg/kg body weight, when the packed cell volume reached 17% or below. The profitability of each drug regime was expressed as the marginal revenue over the cost of trypanosomosis (MOT). There were greater losses occasioned by trypanosomosis in sheep than in goats. Animals of both species on chemoprophylaxis gave higher MOT values than those that received chemotherapy on diagnosis. However, the MOT values for the chemoprophylactic regime were higher for sheep than for goats, suggesting that the greater weight gain by sheep more then compensated for the higher cost of maintaining them under high trypanosomosis challenge. Thus, a Galana rancher would be better off keeping sheep rather than goats, other things being equal. The marginal revenue per dose of Samorin was lower than that of Veriben for both species, suggesting that strategic use of Samorin timed to precede the peak incidence of trypanosomosis might be a better option to raise the overall profitability in sheep and goats.  相似文献   

Growth and Mortality in Sheep and Goats under High Tsetse Challenge in Kenya     

Masiga DK  Okech G  Irungu P  Ouma J  Wekesa S  Ouma B  Guya SO  Ndung'u JM 《Tropical animal health and production》2002,34(6):489-501

Trypanosomosis is a major impediment to livestock production and economic development in those areas of Africa where it is endemic. Although small ruminants appear to perform better than cattle in various agro-ecological zones, the importance of trypanosomosis has not been extensively investigated in these livestock. This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of trypanosomosis in sheep and goats in an endemic area and to evaluate the performance of different breeds under high tsetse challenge and the potential role of chemoprophylaxis in the control of the disease. The results showed that tsetse flies feed readily on small ruminants, and that these animals are susceptible to trypanosomosis. The Small East African goats acquired fewer infections than the Black Head Persian and Dorper sheep used in the study. In both sheep and goats, chemoprophylaxis with isometamidium chloride (Samorin, Rhone Merieux, Annecy, France) was protective, resulting in fewer infections and higher body weight gain. Trypanosomosis caused anaemia in both sheep and goats, and animals whose PCV fell below 15% rarely recovered, even with trypanocidal drug treatment. The peak transmission period was between 1 and 3 months after the peak tsetse fly density, which raises the possibility of effective strategic prophylaxis.  相似文献