Storage of hatching eggs: The effect on total incubation period     

Christine M. Mather  K. F. Laughlin 《British poultry science》1976,17(5):471-479

1. A time‐lapse photographic technique has been developed which enables routine recording of the hatching times of up to 192 chicken embryos.

2. Storage of eggs for 14 d caused a delay of 134 h in the mean total incubation period.

3. Female embryos hatched about 3 h earlier than males in the non‐stored eggs but there was no difference between the sexes in eggs stored for 14 d.

4. Rate of weight loss during incubation was similar in both non‐stored and stored eggs: there was no relationship between weight loss at 19 d incubation and total incubation period.

5. Hatchability of fertile eggs was 19.5% lower in eggs stored for 14 d and proportionately more embryos died between 4 d and 18 d incubation than in the non‐stored eggs.  相似文献   

A reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay for detecting Highlands J virus     

Whitehouse CA  Guibeau A  McGuire D  Takeda T  Mather TN 《Avian diseases》2001,45(3):605-611

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The Scientist's Responsibility for the Interpretation of Concepts to Laymen     

Mather KF 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1954,119(3088):299-300

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Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis and Typhimurium in animals and people in Scotland between 1990 and 2001     

Smith-Palmer A  Stewart WC  Mather H  Greig A  Cowden JM  Reilly WJ 《The Veterinary record》2003,153(17):517-520

Two serovars of salmonella which are currently of particular importance in both human and animal infections are Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis phage type 4 (PT4) and Typhimurium definitive type 104 (DT104). This paper describes the trends in the relationships between the levels of infection of people and a range of farm animal species with these two serovars and explores some of the reasons behind them. In 1996, there was a peak of 520 reports of S Typhimurium DT104 infection in people in Scotland, but the number has decreased every year since, to 96 in 2001. In cattle the incidence of S Typhimurium DT104 also peaked in 1996, with 138 incidents, and it has similarly decreased every year to 2001 when there were 10 reported incidents. Similar declines have been observed in its incidence in sheep and pigs. In people the number of reports of S Enteritidis PT4 peaked in 1997 at 1684 and then declined to 457 in 2001. In chickens, the number of reports of S Enteritidis PT4 peaked in 1998 at 34 incidents, but no incidents were reported in the following three years.  相似文献   

Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O86 in wild birds at two garden sites in south-west Scotland     

Pennycott TW  Cinderey RN  Park A  Mather HA  Foster G 《The Veterinary record》2002,151(19):563-567

Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Typhimurium and Escherchia coli O86:K61:NM are two bacteria that can cause outbreaks of mortality in garden birds visiting bird tables and other feeding stations. Two sites in south-west Scotland were monitored for the two organisms for 12 months. At site A, large numbers of birds fed throughout the year, and at site B smaller numbers of birds fed only in the winter months. Samples of composite faeces were collected from the feeding stations and screened for the organisms, and any dead birds were also screened. S Typhimurium definitive type (DT) 56 (variant) was found to be endemic at site A, and was recovered from 48 per cent of samples of composite faeces collected from the bird table, from 42 per cent of composite faeces from underneath a hanging feeder, and from 33 per cent of composite faeces from below a roost used by house sparrows; the organism was also isolated from the carcases of six wild birds found dead at the site. In contrast, S Typhimurium (DT41) was recovered only once at site B, from 2 per cent of the composite faeces from below a hanging feeder, and no dead birds were recovered from the site. E coli O86 was not recovered from the faeces collected from either site, but was isolated from a bird that died from trauma at site A.  相似文献   

Tracking change in a human‐dominated landscape: developing conservation guidelines using freshwater fish     

Michael P. Carey  Martha E. Mather 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2008,18(6):877-890

• 1. To conserve biodiversity in a human‐dominated landscape, a science‐based inventory and monitoring plan is needed that quantifies existing resources, isolates drivers that maintain natural communities, determines harmful stressors, and links ecological drivers and human stressors. A tactical approach is proposed for conservation planning using freshwater fish at the Cape Cod National Seashore.
• 2. Freshwater fish are well studied and occur across environmental gradients. The lentic systems at the national park are relatively pristine yet are enveloped by a region of high population density. Using fish community data, three steps were taken for tracking anthropogenic impacts in a human dominated landscape. First, fish and potential drivers were sampled intensively along a gradient to determine which fish metrics reflect natural communities and which abiotic and biotic factors structure them. Second, emerging and existing regional human threats were identified. Third, these human threats were linked to the potential drivers that maintain natural communities to identify the most informative metrics to monitor and track change.
• 3. Fish communities, water quality, habitat, and food resources were sampled concurrently in 18 ponds in 1999 and 2000. Three common fish species explained 98% of variation in numbers across systems. Based on ecological relationships, pH, depth, vegetation, prey, and community complexity were determined to maintain biodiversity of freshwater fish communities.
• 4. The primary human threats here included: development‐related, land‐use changes; non‐point source pollution; eutrophication from septic systems; and introduced species that are a byproduct of high human visitation. These are common threats in many rapidly urbanized areas and are likely to have relevance to many sites.
• 5. To track the impact of emerging threats to freshwater ponds related to increased human population, monitoring changes in water quality, vegetated habitat, fish diversity, and trophic interactions are recommended.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

"THE NEEDS OF MAN"     

Mather KF 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1945,101(2617):198-200

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NOTES ON CANADIAN STRATIGRAPHY AND PALEONTOLOGY     

Mather KF 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1917,46(1177):66-70

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The effects of limb posture on relationships between in vitro radial hoof strain,load and joint angles     

S. J. Hobbs  J. Mather  C. Rolph  J. Richards 《Equine veterinary journal》2009,41(3):229-232

Reasons for performing study: Radial strain in normal hooves has been found to vary with strain gauge location, limb posture and sample limb but reported magnitudes were considered to be low. More accurate measurement of radial strain may enhance the understanding of hoof function. Objectives: To explore in vitro radial hoof strain in relation other kinetic and kinematic variables that may be related. Methods: Five normal forelimbs were removed at the proximal articular surface of the third metacarpal bone (McIII). The limbs were loaded using a modified Instron test machine. Six calibrated infrared cameras captured movement from markers on the hoof and bone fixed markers on the second and first phalanxes and McIII, whilst radial hoof strain was measured using a calibrated instrumented plug. Change in strain, joint angle and load were found at simulated walking postures and bivariate correlations were used to compare the relationships between them. Results: Radial strain was moderately correlated with proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) rotation (r =?0.519). Large reductions in radial strain were found in loading and midstance with 10° of heel lift postures. Conclusions and potential relevance: PIPJ rotation has previously been linked to the magnitude of deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) loads and it is therefore suspected that these loads may have the greatest influence on radial strain magnitudes. Further investigation of radial strain is needed to describe the patterns fully during the stance phase in vivo.  相似文献   

JAY BACKUS WOODWORTH     

Daly RA  Palache C  Mather KF 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1925,62(1612):450-451

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