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1.
Msoffe PL Minga UM Olsen JE Yongolo MG Juul-Madsen HR Gwakisa PS Mtambo MM 《Tropical animal health and production》2001,33(4):341-354
A study was conducted to determine the variations in physical characters and immunocompetence among scavenging local chicken ecotypes in Tanzania. Eighty-four adult scavenging local chickens from four eco-climatic regions of Tanzania were studied. Measurements of adult body weight, body length, shank length and egg weight and observations of plumage colour and pattern, earlobe colour, skin colour and the shape of the comb were conducted. The antibody response to sheep red blood cells, serum haemolytic complement and the cutaneous response to phytohaemagglutinin-P were assessed. Five ecotypes were identified and named Mbeya, Morogoro-medium, Ching'wekwe, Kuchi and Singamagazi. Singamagazi and Kuchi were significantly heavier, with longer shanks and heavier eggs than the other ecotypes. The average adult body weight for males ranged from 1621 g (Mbeya) to 2915 g (Singamagazi). Average female weights ranged from 1108 g (Morogoro-medium) to 2020 g (Singamagazi). Mean egg weights ranged from 37.65 g (Ching'wekwe) to 45.61 (Singamagazi). The Kuchi had mostly rose and walnut combs, while the other ecotypes were mostly single combed. In each ecotype there were chickens with a high or low antibody response to red blood cells, but there was a significant difference between the ecotypes. 相似文献
2.
Mdegela RH Msoffe PL Waihenya RW Kasanga JC Mtambo MM Minga UM Olsen JE 《Tropical animal health and production》2002,34(3):195-204
The pathogenicity of a virulent strain of Salmonella gallinarum was studied in local chickens and commercial layers. Sixty 4-month-old chickens were used. Of these, 50 chickens were orally infected with S. gallinarum, comprising 25 commercial layers and 25 local chickens. Five chickens in each group were used as uninfected negative controls. The clinical signs and pathological features of acute, subacute and chronic fowl typhoid were observed in both groups. Chickens in both groups seroconverted, but the antibody titre was significantly higher (p<0.001) in the commercial layers. The antibody titre remained high to the end of the experiment in all the surviving chickens. Only one commercial layer chicken died during the course of the experiment. The PCV decreased significantly (p<0.001) in the infected chickens of both groups as compared to the controls. The viable cell count of S. gallinarum in the liver and spleen reached a maximum on day 9 after infection in both groups. However, there was a significantly higher cell count (p<0.05) in the commercial layers. The severity of the disease appeared to be slightly greater in the commercial layers, although the susceptibility was similar in both groups. It was concluded that, under experimental conditions, local chickens are just as susceptible to S. gallinarum infection as are commercial layers. 相似文献
3.
【目的】研究陕西关中冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中,2种作物氮肥的合理用量,以此对施肥现状进行评价。【方法】在位于陕西关中地区的杨凌进行氮肥肥效田间试验,利用数学方法得出氮肥合理用量,并将其与实际调查的农户习惯氮肥用量进行比较,以分析二者土壤硝态氮含量与经济效益的差异。【结果】冬小麦、夏玉米推荐氮肥用量分别为140和145kg/hm2,而当前农户习惯氮肥用量分别为(211±139)和(310±131)kg/hm2,明显高于推荐氮肥用量,但二者产量无明显差异。过量施用氮肥导致陕西关中地区冬小麦、夏玉米土壤硝态氮含量(0～100cm土层)较高,分别为117.4和125.3kg/hm2,同时造成经济效益损失达3 014元/hm2。【结论】在陕西关中地区的冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系下,应减少农户习惯施氮量,提高肥料利用率,减小化肥对环境的污染,降低农民农业投入。 相似文献
4.
Investigations of the occurrence of Avibacterium paragallinarum infections in Uganda 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Byarugaba DK Minga UM Gwakisa PS Katunguka-Rwakishaya E Bisgaard M Olsen JE 《Avian diseases》2007,51(2):534-539
Investigations were conducted to determine the occurrence of Avibacterium paragallinarum in poultry in Uganda. A total of 710 each of bacteriologic and serum samples were taken from chickens and turkeys for demonstration of A. paragallinarum and antibodies. Samples for isolation of A. paragallinarum were also subjected to direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for demonstration of the organism's presence. Antibodies to A. paragallinarum were demonstrated in the sera using the hemagglutination inhibition test. A total of five isolates were recovered from two out of five commercial layer chicken farms investigated where suspected cases of infectious coryza were reported, and all of them belonged to Page's serovar C. PCR detected more positive samples (11/68) than did culture (5/68). Isolates were not recovered from free-range poultry nor were there any positive samples by PCR. The overall seroprevalence was 40.5% and the seroprevalence to serovars A, B, and C were 18%, 0.5%, and 22%, respectively. Antibodies to all Page's serovars A, B, and C were demonstrated in free-range chickens but only serovar C antibodies were demonstrated in commercial chickens. No antibodies were demonstrated in turkeys. This is the first time infectious coryza has been confirmed in Uganda and the causative agent, A. paragallinarum, isolated. A high seroprevalence observed in free-range chickens seems to indicate a subclinical infection under extensive village management conditions. 相似文献
5.
Assey R.J. Kessy B.M. Matovelo J.A. Minga U. 《Tropical animal health and production》1998,30(6):361-368
Reproductive organs from mature Small East African zebu (SEAZ) heifers and cows slaughtered at the Morogoro abattoir were collected twice a month and evaluated over a period of 12 months. Out of the 402 animals from which reproductive organs were taken, 54% were pregnant, 24% were actively cycling and 22% were non-cycling. Various gross abnormalities were observed in the reproductive organs of about 16% of the cattle, and the major reproductive abnormality in both total and the non-cycling animals was various degrees of fibrous adhesion between the ovary and the infundibulum and mesosalpinx. It is concluded that, contrary to common belief, a majority of the female SEAZ cattle that are slaughtered are fertile. 相似文献
6.
【目的】探讨黄土高原丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)及球囊霉素与土壤因子的关系及其在生态恢复中的作用。【方法】在陕西黄土高原的志丹、安塞、延长、陇县、淳化和韩城6县(市)选取6个样地,采集5~30 cm土层狼牙刺(Sophora davidii)根系和土壤,测定土壤养分含量、酶活性以及AMF侵染率、孢子密度等,研究狼牙刺根际AMF侵染率、孢子密度和球囊霉素与土壤因子之间的关系。【结果】AMF平均侵染率达74.42%,孢子密度均值达19.06个/g,AMF侵染率和孢子密度在各样地间差异显著,但是两者无显著相关性。土壤中总球囊霉素平均含量为2.32mg/g,占土壤有机碳的36.46%,球囊霉素含量和孢子密度均表现出明显的空间异质性。球囊霉素含量与有机碳、碱解氮和速效磷含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与土壤pH呈负相关。同时,球囊霉素含量还与蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性呈显著相关。【结论】AMF和球囊霉素含量与土壤养分、酶活性等显著相关,可作为黄土高原生态系统环境状况检测的有效指标。 相似文献
7.
Viral nucleoprotein localization and lesions of Newcastle disease in tissues of indigenous ducks 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Njagi LW Mbuthia PG Nyaga PN Bebora LC Minga UM 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(4):747-750
Localization of Newcastle disease viral nucleoprotein and pathological lesions was evaluated in tissues of 55 indigenous ducks
(45 experimentally infected and 10 sentinel ones). In addition, ten Newcastle disease infected chickens were used to ensure
that the virus inoculum administered to the ducks produced the disease in chickens, the susceptible hosts. Ducks were killed
on day 1, 4, 8 and 14 post-infection. Post-mortem examination was done with six tissues (liver, spleen, lung, caecal tonsils,
kidneys and brain) being collected from each bird. The tissues were preserved in 10% neutral formalin for 24 h. They were
then transferred to 70% ethanol for histology and immunohistochemical staining. Airsacculitis, necrotic splenic foci, congested
intestines, lymphoid depleted caecal tonsils and focal infiltrations by mononuclear cells were the main pathological lesions
in infected ducks. Over 28.9% of the infected ducks had Newcastle disease viral nucleoprotein in macrophage-like large mononuclear
cells in the caecal tonsils and kidney tubular epithelium. The viral antigens were located in the cytoplasm and nucleolus
of the cells. The other organs had no detectable viral antigens. This study shows that the kidneys and caecal tonsils are
the likely predilection sites for the virus in ducks. They thus need to be considered as diagnostic indicators for the viral
carriage in ducks. 相似文献
8.
控释氮钾比例对香蕉产量及氮磷钾肥料利用率的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
【目的】研究控释配方肥中控释氮钾比例对香蕉产量和养分吸收利用的影响,确定适宜的控释养分比例,为香蕉专用控释配方肥的研制及其在香蕉上的应用提供科学依据。【方法】采用大田试验,将控释氮钾比例设置5个水平(0%,15%,30%,45%,60%),以不施肥为对照,研究控释氮钾养分比例高低对香蕉产量和养分吸收的影响。【结果】与常规肥料处理(控释氮钾比例均为0%)相比,控释氮钾配方肥能协调产量构成要素而显著提高香蕉产量,其中以控释氮钾比例均为45%处理的产量和产值最高,分别为33.95t/hm2和4.64万元/hm2,增产率和增值率分别为38.00%和41.46%,这主要是由于该处理明显增加了果指长、果指数、单果质量及收获率等产量主要构成因子。控释氮钾比例从0%增加到60%时,产量、产值以及氮磷钾养分吸收利用均呈现先增加后降低的趋势。当控释氮钾比例为45%时,氮、磷、钾肥料表观利用率最高,分别达41.24%,5.37%和64.97%,较常规肥料处理分别增加了21.48,2.98和29.44个百分点。【结论】在0%～45%,提高控释氮钾的比例,可促进香蕉对氮磷钾养分的吸收利用,提高氮磷钾肥料的利用率,增加香蕉产量和产值,适宜的控释氮钾比例为45%左右。 相似文献
9.
An ELISA using lipopolysaccharide antigens prepared from Salmonella gallinarum and S enteritidis was developed for the serological diagnosis of fowl typhoid and S enteritidis infection in poultry. There was good agreement between the results of the ELISA and conventional serological tests when samples from naturally infected birds and S enteritidis immunised birds were tested. Some cross reactions were observed when serum samples from S typhimurium infected birds were tested by ELISA. Subsequently a disc ELISA, using filter paper discs, was developed to facilitate sampling and testing of poultry. There was good correlation between the results of the disc and serum ELISAs and the test is recommended for the field testing of birds. 相似文献
10.
Mwalusanya NA Katule AM Mutayoba SK Mtambo MM Olsen JE Minga UM 《Tropical animal health and production》2002,34(5):405-416
The productivity of local chickens under village management conditions was studied in six villages situated in three climatic zones within Morogoro District in Tanzania. Two villages were picked in each climatic zone (warm and wet, warm and dry, cool and wet) for the study. The data were obtained by actual measurement, qualitative observations and interview of members of the households directly responsible for the care of chickens. In addition, data sheets were given to selected farmers to record the performance of their chickens. The mean flock size for the three zones was 16.2, with a range of 2 to 58. The overall mean clutch size, egg weight and hatchability were 11.8, 44.1 g and 83.6%, respectively. The overall mean chick survival rate to 10 weeks of age was 59.7%. The mean live weights for cocks and hens were 1948 g and 1348 g, respectively. The mean growth rates to the age of 10 weeks were 4.6 g/day and 5.4 g/day, while those from 10 to 14 weeks of age were 8.4 g/day and 10.2 g/day for female and male birds, respectively. The age at first lay ranged between 6 and 8 months, and the average hen had three laying cycles per year. Most of the chickens were left to scavenge during the day and were provided with simple housing at night (95.2% of the owners). Only small amounts of supplementary feeds were occasionally given and minimal health care was provided. It was concluded that the low productivity of chickens was partly due to the prevailing poor management practices, in particular the lack of proper health care, poor nutrition and housing. 相似文献