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Measurements were made of the extent of sole and white line lesions on the claws of 115 Holstein-Friesian cows on at least three and at most 16 occasions, and some cows were followed up to their third lactation. All the measurements were made between 12 weeks before calving and 45 weeks after calving. In total, 1016 repeated observations were made. Correlations were calculated between pairs of claws, between types of lesion (sole and white line), and between pairs of the different measurements (number of lesions, proportion of the claw affected, maximum severity score and proportion of the claw affected weighted for severity). The outer hind claws had the greatest extent of lesions of both types. Spearman correlation coefficients and confidence intervals measured the strength of the association. All the associations between claws were positive, suggesting that the lesions did not occur in isolation. Sole and white line lesions were not associated at individual observation points. Lesions on the left and right claws were markedly similar, except for sole lesions on the two inner hind claws, and for white line lesions on the two outer hind claws. 相似文献
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K. J. Shingfield N. W. Offer 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》1999,82(2-3):125-134
Introduction A number of systems based on metabolizable protein, such as that adopted in the UK (A gricultural and F ood R esearch C ouncil 1992) have been developed to improve the accuracy of protein rationing for ruminants. Quantification of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen is a fundamental requirement of all such systems. In the UK system, microbial protein supply is predicted from an estimate of fermentable metabolizable energy intake, using a correction for the effects of level of feeding on the energetic efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. Use of such an approach is however subject to considerable error due to large variations in the energetic efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (A gricultural R esearch C ouncil 1984). Consequently there is an urgent requirement for an on-farm diagnostic marker of microbial protein supply as a basis for adjusting diets to maximize efficiency of dietary nitrogen utilization by dairy cows (D ewhurst et al. 1996). Urinary purine derivative excretion has been proposed as a noninvasive index of microbial protein supply in ruminant animals (T opps and E lliot 1965). Use of this microbial marker is based on the assumption that purines entering the duodenum are essentially microbial in origin (M c A llan 1982), and that following metabolism, their derivatives are quantitatively recovered in the urine (C hen et al. 1990; V erbic et al. 1990). Purine metabolites excreted in ruminant urine are primarily derived from the metabolism of absorbed purines, but as a consequence of tissue adenosine triphosphate and nucleic acid turnover, a proportion of purine bases are not salvaged and re-utilized, but enter catabolic pathways, constituting an endogenous loss. 相似文献
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Hirst WM Le Fevre AM Logue DN Offer JE Chaplin SJ Murray RD Ward WR French NP 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2002,164(1):7-19
This paper presents the first systematic review of the literature on lameness in cattle. It identifies, tabulates and classifies relevant published work and was conducted using electronic reference databases (BIDS ISI, BIOSIS, MEDLINE and the CAB Abstracts CD-ROM). A total of 1373 unique references were obtained from 1981 to 2000, of which 914 were written in the English language. A written search protocol was designed to ensure transparency and repeatability. Pilot studies were undertaken to create search terms that minimised bias and ensured relevance. Electronic files of the search terms allow the database to be updated in future. A further 93 references were included from the most recent international conference on lameness giving a total of 1007 English language references. The systematic review process is described, including a method of classifying papers according to their study design and statistical analysis, and it is hoped that other veterinary researchers will conduct similar reviews in their fields. The compiled and classified references are available as a searchable database through the web-sitehttp://cattle-lameness.dhs.org/. The review may be used in several ways; to identify practical interventions to reduce lameness in dairy cows and to use the resultant web-site as the basis of a decision support system for farmers, veterinarians and advisors. 相似文献
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Ramat Hovav in the Northern Negev of Israel was selected as a site for an industrial park because it had been believed to have a potential capacity to absorb in the loess layer large amounts of hazardous chemical waste liquid and solid materials. The lithology of this site is composed of calcareous loess, sand dunes and underlying limestones. Its soils are loessial serozems, brown lithosols, sandy regosols and arid brown soils. The geomorphology includes specific forms of the Negev desert, such as differentiated relief, slightly dipping level structures, ‘V’ shaped canyons, parabolic and sief sand dunes. The hypothetical time span required to totally fill the pore space in the loess, in the total area draining the site selected for study, is more than 400 yr. The problem lies in the ability of the rock formations to act as conduit and storage for the toxic waste in such a way that will protect the inhabitants from the toxic dangers. Microstructural data are lacking on the 130 m between the Eocene saline water chalk aquifer that lies immediately below the loess, and the Cenomanian meteoric water limestone and dolomite aquifer below. Outcrops of the Eocene chalk, however, do show fractures which, if present also in the buried Eocene rocks, may serve as passages for quick leakage of the waste liquids into the underlying rocks. 相似文献
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NW TOMKINS NN JONSSON MP YOUNG AN GORDON KA McCOLL 《Australian veterinary journal》1997,75(10):722-723
On the basis of clinical signs and histological findings eight 9-month-old male rusa deer ( Cervus timorensis ) were diagnosed with sheep associated-malignant catarrhal fever. Following a variable course involving rectal temperatures around 40.5°C, depression, inappetence, diarrhoea, corneal opacity and hypopyon all animals died or were euthanased over a 5-week period. Severe multifocal vasculitis, mainly periglomerular and in the arcuate vessels were consistent histological findings which in the past have been adequate to confirm clinical diagnosis of sheep associated-malignant catarrhal fever. A nested poly-merase chain reaction test has been used to detect a sheep associated-malignant catarrhal fever PRC product, 238 base-pairs in size, in DNA extracted from lymphocyte preparations. The result supported the diagnosis of sheep associated-malignant catarrhal fever in these deer. 相似文献
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Zaslaver M Offer S Kerem Z Stark AH Weller JI Eliraz A Madar Z 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(26):9934-9939
The effects of natural antioxidants on nitric oxide (NO) modulation and oxidative status were determined in rat epithelial lung cells (L-2). Cells were stimulated with cytokines and treated with one of the following: resveratrol, soybean saponin group B (SSB), quercetin, genistein, olive leaf polyphenol concentrate (OLPC), or N-acetyl-L-cystein (NAC). NAC had no effect on NO levels, whereas resveratrol and OLPC were found to be effective in reducing nitrite levels, modifying iNOS mRNA, and decreasing free radical production. OLPC affected the levels of MnSOD while resveratrol did not, indicating that they act via different pathways. Quercetin and genistein reduced nitrite levels without affecting iNOS levels, presumably by scavenging NO. SSB did not affect nitrite levels, but exposure did reduce iNOS mRNA expression and protein levels, possibly due to antioxidant activity. Naturally occurring antioxidants, in particular resveratrol and OLPC, may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. 相似文献
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To better promote forest resource management and strengthen the development of forest carbon sink marketization, this paper studied the accounting of forest carbon sinks from 2003 to 2008 based on a system of national accounts(SNA) and data from the latest forest resources inventory in China. The study calculated the value of forest carbon stocks at a total of RMB817.13 × 10~9 yuan in 2003 and RMB 839.93× 109 yuan in 2008, with an average annual increase of 0.55 % from an increase in physical carbon sinks. The total value of forest carbon sinks in 2003 and 2008 was RMB 26.73 × 10~9 yuan and RMB 29.77 × 10~9 yuan, respectively, with an average annual growth of 2.18 %. From 2003 to 2008, both stock and flow value of forest carbon sinks increased, but the total net flow value of carbon sinks decreased. The growth rate for the environmentally adjusted Gross Domestic Product(ea GDP) for China's forest carbon sinks was 17.23 %, outstripping the average growth rate of 9.5 % for the GDP during the same period. The study also indicates that China's forest carbon sinks affects the GDP in the range of 0.25–0.26 %, and its economic potential is not relatively huge. 相似文献