The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Adams MD  Celniker SE  Holt RA  Evans CA  Gocayne JD  Amanatides PG  Scherer SE  Li PW  Hoskins RA  Galle RF  George RA  Lewis SE  Richards S  Ashburner M  Henderson SN  Sutton GG  Wortman JR  Yandell MD  Zhang Q  Chen LX  Brandon RC  Rogers YH  Blazej RG  Champe M  Pfeiffer BD  Wan KH  Doyle C  Baxter EG  Helt G  Nelson CR  Gabor GL  Abril JF  Agbayani A  An HJ  Andrews-Pfannkoch C  Baldwin D  Ballew RM  Basu A  Baxendale J  Bayraktaroglu L  Beasley EM  Beeson KY  Benos PV  Berman BP  Bhandari D  Bolshakov S  Borkova D  Botchan MR  Bouck J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,287(5461):2185-2195

The fly Drosophila melanogaster is one of the most intensively studied organisms in biology and serves as a model system for the investigation of many developmental and cellular processes common to higher eukaryotes, including humans. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of nearly all of the approximately 120-megabase euchromatic portion of the Drosophila genome using a whole-genome shotgun sequencing strategy supported by extensive clone-based sequence and a high-quality bacterial artificial chromosome physical map. Efforts are under way to close the remaining gaps; however, the sequence is of sufficient accuracy and contiguity to be declared substantially complete and to support an initial analysis of genome structure and preliminary gene annotation and interpretation. The genome encodes approximately 13,600 genes, somewhat fewer than the smaller Caenorhabditis elegans genome, but with comparable functional diversity.  相似文献   

Evaluation of otoscope cone disinfection techniques and contamination level in small animal private practice     

Allison L. Kirby  Wayne S. Rosenkrantz  Rudayna M. Ghubash  Blazej Neradilek  Nayak L. Polissar 《Veterinary dermatology》2010,21(2):175-183

The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of bacterial contamination of otoscope cones in veterinary private practice, and to determine the most effective method of disinfection. Fifty small animal practices participated in this study, which included a detailed survey regarding otoscope cleaning, storage and usage and quantitative culture of the cleaned and stored otoscope cones. Using sterile technique, two cones from each of the 50 hospitals were swabbed and submitted for quantitative culture. Contamination was present in 29% of the samples and the following organisms were isolated: Flavobacterium brevis (10%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6%), Pseudomonas alcaligenes (4%), Staphylococcus intermedius (4%), Corynebacterium spp. (2%), Bacillus spp. (1%), Enterococcus faecalis (1%) Malassezia spp. (1%). There was no statistically significant difference between storage type (dry versus stored in solution) and for the instrumentation used to clean the cones (brush, cotton‐tipped applicator, both versus none). There was a statistically significant difference between the different cleaning solutions (P < 0.001) and between the storage solutions (P = 0.003). A single most effective cleaning solution was unable to be determined due to the large number of solutions utilized. Cetylcide G^® (Cetylite Industries, Inc., Pennsauken, NJ, USA) was the most effective of the three most commonly used storage solutions (Cetylcide G^®, Benz‐all^®, and 2% Chlorhexidine gluconate) when used as directed (P < 0.001). The level of contamination had a positive association with the frequency of cone use and a negative association with the frequency of storage solution replacement.  相似文献