Analysis of first gastric compartment fluid collected via percutaneous paracentesis from healthy llamas     

Navarre CB  Pugh DG  Heath AM  Simpkins SA 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1999,214(6):812-815

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous paracentesis for fluid collection from the first gastric compartment of healthy llamas and to describe characteristics of that fluid. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 10 healthy adult llamas. PROCEDURE: Physical examinations were performed prior to sample collection and for 14 days afterwards. A CBC was performed prior to sample collection and 5 days later. A 16-gauge, 7.5-cm stainless steel needle, positioned approximately 20 cm caudal to the costochondral junction of the last rib, was pointed in a dorsocraniomedial direction and pushed through the abdominal wall into the lumen of the first gastric compartment. Fluid was aspirated and analyzed immediately for color, odor, consistency, pH, methylene blue reduction (MBR) time, protozoa, and bacteria. RESULTS: Fluid samples were obtained from 9 of 10 llamas. Mean volume was 4.1 ml, mean pH was 6.67, and mean MBR time was 173 seconds. Odor was slightly acidic, color was light brown-green to light yellow-green, and consistency was moderate. Small protozoa with variable iodine staining and gram-negative bacteria were commonly detected. With few exceptions, results of physical examinations and CBC remained within reference ranges. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Fluid samples from the first gastric compartment can be successfully obtained by percutaneous paracentesis. Fluid characteristics were similar to those of fluid collected via orogastric tube in llamas and cattle.  相似文献   

Experimental production of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: comparison of serological and immunological responses using pili fractions of Moraxella bovis.          下载免费PDF全文

G W Pugh  Jr  D E Hughes 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》1976,40(1):60-66

The effect of vaccinating cattle and mice on the development of keratoconjunctivitis was studied. Cattle were vaccinated with whole cells, disrupted cells and pili fractions of three strains of Moraxella bovis. Mice were vaccinated with pili fractions of three strains. The resistance of all vaccinated animals was challenged with virulent cultures of M. bovis. In an attempt to correlate the response seen after vaccination and challenge with a pili fraction of M. bovis, vaccinated cattle and mice were grouped on the basis of signs of disease manifested and compared on the basis of serological responses. Serum samples were tested for antibodies by a gel diffusion precipitin test. A greater number of the sera of resistant cattle had antibodies to the homologous pili antigen than those of vaccinated nonresistant cattle. Cattle vaccinated with disrupted cells were not resistant to infectious bovine kerato-conjuctivitis and their sera lacked antibodies against the pili antigens. Vaccinated mice were more resistant to infectious bovine kerato-conjuctivitis and their sera lacked antibodies against the pili antigens. Vaccinated mice were more resistant to challenge exposure by homologous than heterologous cultures. A greater number of the sera of resistant mice had antibodies to pili antigens than nonresistant mice.  相似文献   

A five-year study of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in a beef herd   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  

D E Hughes  G W Pugh 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1970,157(4):443-451

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Evaluation of bovine viral diarrhea virus in New World camelids     

Wentz PA  Belknap EB  Brock KV  Collins JK  Pugh DG 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2003,223(2):223-228

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Influences of in-stream habitat and upstream land-use on site occupancy of the Kanawha darter (Etheostoma kanawhae): A narrowly distributed species from the New River (Upper Kanawha Basin)     

M. Worth Pugh  Gary Pandolfi  Thomas Franklin  Michael M. Gangloff 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2021,31(3):494-503

1. Freshwater communities are threatened by the conversion of natural landscapes for urban and agricultural purposes. Changes to land use may disrupt stream nutrient and geomorphological processes and reduce water quality, increase sedimentation, and decrease habitat heterogeneity eventually leading to species loss and decreases in ecosystem productivity. Endemic species are frequently at greater risk of habitat-mediated fragmentation and extirpation due to their constrained distributions.
2. The Kanawha darter (Etheostoma kanawhae) is an understudied fish endemic to the New River Drainage in North Carolina and Virginia, USA. To investigate the potential effect(s) of land-use change on Kanawha darters, naïve occupancy was modelled using instream habitat characteristics and upstream forest cover.
3. Generalized linear models revealed that instream habitat and forest cover are reliable predictors of Kanawha darter site occupancy. Specifically, models demonstrated that occupancy increased in reaches with reduced stream width, velocity, and bedrock substrate but higher concentrations of coarse woody material. Kanawha darter occupancy was also positively associated with the extent of forest cover in upstream catchments.
4. Although Kanawha darters are not currently considered imperilled, most populations occurred in isolated reaches separated by large sections of unoccupied habitat. Continuing ex-urban development in riparian zones is likely to be the primary threat to Kanawha darters and other endemic species in this catchment. Resource managers and stakeholders should preserve forest cover in headwaters and occupied tributaries and protect or restore riparian zones along the main-stem South and North Forks of the New River to preserve high-quality habitat and enhance connectivity among isolated Kanawha darter populations.
5. As human populations in montane regions continue to grow, there is a need to understand how land-use change affects endemic freshwater species. This study further supports the importance of retaining forest cover as an effective strategy for protecting and restoring populations of endemic fishes in high-gradient streams.

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COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF THE LLAMA HEAD: TECHNIQUE AND NORMAL ANATOMY     

John T.  Hathcock  DVM  MS  D. G. Pugh  DVM  MS  Robert E.  Cartee  DVM  MS  Linda  Hammond  DVM 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1995,36(4):290-296

Computed tomography was performed on the head of 6 normal adult llamas. The animals were under general anesthesia and positioned in dorsal recumbency on the scanning table. The area scanned was from the external occipital protuberance to the rostral portion of the nasal passage, and the images are presented in both a bone window and a soft tissue window to allow evaluation and identification of the anatomy of the head. Computed tomography of the llama head can be accomplished by most computed tomography scanners utilizing a technique similar to that used in small animals with minor modification of the scanning table.  相似文献   

Protection of lambs against enteric colibacillosis by vaccination of ewes     

C A Pugh  P W Wells 《Research in veterinary science》1985,38(3):255-258

Pregnant ewes were vaccinated twice, seven weeks and three weeks before lambing, with a multivalent formalin-killed Escherichia coli vaccine containing an added K99, F41 antigen preparation. Lambs born to vaccinated and unvaccinated ewes were exposed to oral infection with E coli B44 (09:K30, K99, F41). All 10 lambs from vaccinated ewes were protected whereas all 10 control lambs developed severe diarrhoea and five died or were killed in extremis. In the following year, previously immunised ewes were given a single dose of the vaccine two weeks before lambing. Eleven of their 12 lambs were protected against a similar challenge, which caused the death of six of eight control lambs and severe diarrhoea in the two survivors. Higher levels of antibody to the K99, F41 preparation were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the serum and colostrum from vaccinated ewes and in the serum of their lambs when compared with similar samples from control ewes and lambs.  相似文献   

The effects of fungicides on certain chemical and microbial properties of soils     

M. Wainwright  G.J.F. Pugh 《Soil biology & biochemistry》1974,6(4):263-267

Field application of six fungicides at twice the normal rate resulted in increases in bacterial and fungal numbers after 28 days. Members of the fungal genera Gliocladium. Penicillium and Trichoderma predominated. Fungicides when applied at the field rate decreased the concentration of NO₃^? -N in soils. while the level of exchangeable NH₄⁺ -N, K, Mn and Na were generally increased. Addition of the fungicides to soil incubated in the laboratory consistently increased exchangeable Mn and K, and occasionally increased exchangeable Cu, Na and Zn. The results are discussed in relation to the microbial changes which occur, and in relation to soil fertility.  相似文献   

Pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone in llamas following single intravenous and oral doses     

C. B. Navarre  W. R. Ravis  R. Nagilla  A. Simpkins  S. H. Duran  & D. G. Pugh 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2001,24(3):227-231

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Conjunctival lesions caused by Moraxella bovis in gnotobiotic calves     

D G Rogers  N F Cheville  G W Pugh 《Veterinary pathology》1987,24(6):554-559

Hemolytic Moraxella bovis was instilled into the conjunctival sac of gnotobiotic calves, and conjunctivae were sampled serially after infection. Bilateral lesions developed in seven of eight infected calves. Histologically, M. bovis was first seen within swollen epithelial cells near the lid margins and occasionally within superficial epithelium in other areas. Conjunctival erosions and ulcers were seen in later stages. Scanning electron microscopy showed M. bovis in pits on surfaces of epithelial cells and in erosions on palpebral conjunctivae; lesions were prominent near lid margins. By transmission electron microscopy, M. bovis was seen within swollen epithelial cells near lid margins; many epithelial cells had undergone cytolysis. This study demonstrates that virulent M. bovis can invade bovine conjunctival epithelial cells and cause conjunctivitis in the absence of injurious ultraviolet irradiation or other predisposing environmental factors.  相似文献