Pathological analysis of batch safety testing of veterinary vaccines using small laboratory animals     

Kasumi Sudo  Mariko Ochiai  Naoyuki Aihara  Noriyuki Horiuchi  Atsushi Yamamoto  Sachiko Matsumoto  Koji Oishi 《Journal of toxicologic pathology》2021,34(2):137

Batch safety tests (BSTs) of veterinary vaccines are conducted using small laboratory animals to assure the safety of vaccines according to several criteria, including clinical signs and change in body weight. Although the latter is used as an evaluation index in BSTs, there have been no reports on the internal changes that affect body weight during the test period. Therefore, we analyzed BST via pathological examination of the tested animals. Here, BSTs were performed for 176 batches using mice and 126 batches using of guinea pigs. Most of the gross findings could be classified into four lesion types (nodules, adhesions, ascites, no apparent signs), with only one vaccine inducing lesions that could not be classified into any of these four types. Histopathological examination revealed that the reactions caused by BST were pyogenic and/or granulomatous inflammation. Nodular or adhesive lesions comprised more severe pyogenic granulomatous inflammation than ascites or cases with no apparent gross lesions. These nodular or adhesive lesions were more frequently induced by vaccines that contained an adjuvant than by vaccines that did not contain an adjuvant. The cases with “exceptional” gross findings histologically presented severe necrosis of the hematopoietic system. Additional testing showed that these “exceptional” lesions were induced when a specific type of light liquid paraffin was injected along with other vaccine additives. Our results show that body weight loss and/or lesions during BST were induced by proinflammatory properties of the tested vaccines and that BST is a sensitive method for detecting unexpected effects of vaccine components.  相似文献   

Expression of P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein in three cases of canine lymphoma showing drug resistance     

Sachiko HYOKAI  Hiroyo TANAKA  Noriyuki AIHARA  Junichi KAMIIE 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2021,83(3):473

In canine lymphoma, drug resistance is the major factor hindering treatment. In this study, we performed immunohistochemical examination of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), which are considered as transporters related to multidrug resistance in three recurrent canine lymphomas. All cases were negative for both transporters before anticancer drug administration, but became positive after this administration. The expression was confirmed in capillary endothelial cells, such as in brain capillaries acting as the blood-brain barrier (BBB). It is suggested that both transporters expressed on capillary endothelial cells in lymphoma tissue may inhibit the spread of anticancer drugs into tumor tissues from blood, the same as the BBB. Therefore, capillary endothelial cells could act as a blood-tumor barrier, which might be involved in drug resistance in canine lymphoma.  相似文献   

Immunohistochemical study on the delayed progression of epithelial apoptosis in follicle-associated epithelium of rat Peyer's patch     

Onishi S  Miyata H  Inamoto T  Qi WM  Yamamoto K  Yokoyama T  Warita K  Hoshi N  Kitagawa H 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2007,69(11):1123-1129

It is well known that some caspases in apoptosis is involved in determinant of terminal differentiation and maturation of various cells. Our previous study ultrastructurally clarified the differentiation into M cells from immature microvillous epithelial cells and the redifferentiation from M cells to microvillous epithelial cells in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of rat Peyer's patch. In this study, the difference of epithelial apoptosis between the FAE of Peyer's patch and intestinal villi was immunohistochemically investigated in rat jejunoileum. As a result, cleaved caspase-3 was limited to several epithelial cells at the tip of FAE, whereas almost all of the epithelial cells were cleaved caspase-3 positive in intestinal villi. Cleaved caspase-9 was detected only in a few exfoliating or exfoliated epithelial cells of both FAE and intestinal villi. Nuclear DNA-fragmentation was detected only in several epithelial cells of the tip of FAE, while it was expressed from the middle regions in the intestinal villi. The DNase I expression of the epithelial cytoplasm was much weaker in FAE than in intestinal villi. Bcl-x expression was restricted in the apical cytoplasms of epithelial cells in the FAE, whereas it was restricted in whole cytoplasms in villous epithelial cells. These findings suggest that the progression of the apoptotic process in the epithelial cells of FAE is later than in the intestinal villi, so that the possibility of epithelial differentiation might be remained in the FAE, unlike in the intestinal villi.  相似文献   

Development of a plant conveyance system using an AGV and a self-designed plant-handling device: A case study of DIY plant phenotyping     

Takanari Tanabata  Kunihiro Kodama  Takuyu Hashiguchi  Daisuke Inomata  Hidenori Tanaka  Sachiko Isobe 《Breeding Science》2022,72(1):85

Plant phenotyping technology has been actively developed in recent years, but the introduction of these technologies into the field of agronomic research has not progressed as expected, in part due to the need for flexibility and low cost. “DIY” (Do It Yourself) methodologies are an efficient way to overcome such obstacles. Devices with modular functionality are critical to DIY experimentation, allowing researchers flexibility of design. In this study, we developed a plant conveyance system using a commercial AGV (Automated Guided Vehicle) as a case study of DIY plant phenotyping. The convey module consists of two devices, a running device and a plant-handling device. The running device was developed based on a commercial AGV Kit. The plant-handling device, plant stands, and pot attachments were originally designed and fabricated by us and our associates. Software was also developed for connecting the devices and operating the system. The run route was set with magnetic tape, which can be easily changed or rerouted. Our plant delivery system was developed with low cost and having high flexibility, as a unit that can contribute to others’ DIY’ plant research efforts as well as our own. It is expected that the developed devices will contribute to diverse phenotype observations of plants in the greenhouse as well as to other important functions in plant breeding and agricultural production.  相似文献   

All-around 3D plant modeling system using multiple images and its composition     

Nobuo Kochi  Atsushi Hayashi  Yota Shinohara  Takanari Tanabata  Kunihiro Kodama  Sachiko Isobe 《Breeding Science》2022,72(1):75

In this study, we developed an all-around 3D plant modeling system that operates using images and is capable of measuring plants non-destructively without any contact. During the fabrication of this device, we selected a method capable of performing 3D model reconstruction from multiple images. We then developed an improved SfM-MVS (Structure from Motion / Multi-View-Stereo) method that enables 3D reconstruction by simply capturing images with a camera. The resulting image-based method offers a high degree of freedom because the hardware and software can comprise commercially available products, and it permits the use of one or more cameras according to the shape and size of the plant. The advantages of the image-based method are that 3D reconstruction can be conducted at any time as long as the images are already taken, and that the desired locations can be observed, measured, and analyzed from 2D images and a 3D point cloud. The device we developed is capable of 3D measurements and modeling of plants from a few millimeters to 2.4 m of height using this method. This article explains this device, the principles of its composition, and the accuracy of the models obtained from it.  相似文献   

A Pathological Study on Calves with Arthrogryposis and Hydranencephaly     

R. Moriguchi  H. Izawa  M. Soekawa 《Zoonoses and public health》1976,23(3):190-199

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Effect of activation methods for bovine oocytes after intracytoplasmic injection   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Ikumi S  Asada M  Sawai K  Fukui Y 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2003,49(1):37-43

A principal nuclear transfer procedure is to inject a donor cell into the perivitelline space in an enucleated oocyte and then electric fusion is performed (cell fusion method). The effects of activation methods in reconstructed oocytes for the serum-starved somatic cell cloning procedure were investigated in this study by means of intracytoplasmic injection (i.c.i.). Bovine oocytes were enucleated at 18-22 h for in vitro maturation, and subsequently the nucleus of cumulus cell collected from Japanese Black Bulls (JBCC) after 5-7 days of starved culture was injected into the recipient cytoplast with a piezo-micromanipulator. At 1 h after i.c.i., reconstructed oocytes were stimulated with ethanol (ET) or calcium ionophore (CaI) as the first activation treatment, followed by cycloheximide (CHX) or 6-dimethylaminopurin (DMAP) treatment as the second activation. In the experiment on the first activation method, the proportion of reconstructed oocytes developing to the blastocyst stage was significantly (p<0.01) higher in the ET activation method than that with CaI (10.5% and 4.7%, respectively). And the experiment on the second activation method after ET treatment showed similar proportions of blastocyst development in both CHX and DMAP treatments (5.9% and 2.8%, respectively). The present results indicated that combined activation treatment with ET and CHX was efficient for reconstructed bovine oocytes by i.c.i.  相似文献   

Increased ectopic fat cells in the longitudinal muscularis layer of the oviduct isthmus in obese Japanese Black cows     

Sachiko Maki  Hiroya Kadokawa 《Animal Science Journal》2014,85(3):207-212

In obese humans, mesenchymal stem cells differentiate to become ectopic fat cells in muscles. These ectopic fat cells inhibit the contraction of vascular smooth muscles. Stem cells have been recently identified in the human oviduct, a structure important in reproduction. We therefore investigated the number of Oil Red O (ORO)‐positive cells in the oviducts of control Japanese Black cows (n = 6; body condition score [BCS], 3.0 on a 5‐point scale) compared to those with diet‐induced obesity (n = 5; BCS, 4.0). We stained the ampulla and isthmus collected on the second day after ovulation with ORO and then counted the positive cells in each layer in 10 cross‐sections of the ampulla or isthmus. The obese group (23.4 ± 3.4 in the 10 sections) had larger numbers of ORO‐positive cells in the longitudinal muscularis of the isthmus (P < 0.05) than did the control group (15.0 ± 2.4). ORO‐positive cells were also observed in all other layers of the isthmus and ampulla; however, the number of cells in these layers did not differ significantly between obese cows and controls. Whether this observed increase in ORO‐positive cells in the oviducts of obese cows affects their reproduction warrants further study.  相似文献   

How do visual and auditory cues influence calf stress reactions at weaning?     

Daisuke Kohari  Sachiko Namikawa  Masao Tanaka 《Animal Science Journal》2014,85(3):336-341

We investigated the effects of visual and auditory information related to cow and calf stress responses at weaning. Three weaning conditions were established with physical separation only (PS), physical and visual separation (VS), and physical, visual and auditory separation (VAS). Stress responses such as vocalization and self‐grooming, and changes of three maintenance behaviors (lying, walking and grazing) were recorded for experimental cows and calves in the respective conditions. Comparison of the data revealed that the cow responses differed slightly among groups. However, the peak frequency of vocalization was higher in the PS calves than in those of either VS or VAS. Self‐grooming frequency was significantly different in calves and was high in the order of VAS, VS and PS calves. Furthermore, the percentage of time spent lying down was greater, and that of walking was less, in VAS calves than in either VS or PS calves. These results demonstrate that different information at weaning might strongly affect the stress responses of calves but not those of cows. Relative impacts of different types sensory information on stressors must be considered to plan animal‐friendly weaning.  相似文献   

Woodland habitat structures are affected by both agricultural land management and abiotic conditions     

Karen Ikin  Alessio Mortelliti  John Stein  Damian Michael  Mason Crane  Sachiko Okada  Jeff Wood  David Lindenmayer 《Landscape Ecology》2015,30(8):1387-1403

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