Nutrient limitations to bacterial and fungal growth during cellulose decomposition in tropical forest soils     

Andrew?T.?NottinghamEmail authorView author&#;s OrcID profile  Lettice?C.?Hicks  Adan?J.?Q.?Ccahuana  Norma?Salinas  Erland?B??th  Patrick?Meir 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2018,54(2):219-228

Nutrients constrain the soil carbon cycle in tropical forests, but we lack knowledge on how these constraints vary within the soil microbial community. Here, we used in situ fertilization in a montane tropical forest and in two lowland tropical forests on contrasting soil types to test the principal hypothesis that there are different nutrient constraints to different groups of microorganisms during the decomposition of cellulose. We also tested the hypotheses that decomposers shift from nitrogen to phosphorus constraints from montane to lowland forests, respectively, and are further constrained by potassium and sodium deficiency in the western Amazon. Cellulose and nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and combined) were added to soils in situ, and microbial growth on cellulose (phospholipid fatty acids and ergosterol) and respiration were measured. Microbial growth on cellulose after single nutrient additions was highest following nitrogen addition for fungi, suggesting nitrogen as the primary limiting nutrient for cellulose decomposition. This was observed at all sites, with no clear shift in nutrient constraints to decomposition between lowland and montane sites. We also observed positive respiration and fungal growth responses to sodium and potassium addition at one of the lowland sites. However, when phosphorus was added, and especially when added in combination with other nutrients, bacterial growth was highest, suggesting that bacteria out-compete fungi for nitrogen where phosphorus is abundant. In summary, nitrogen constrains fungal growth and cellulose decomposition in both lowland and montane tropical forest soils, but additional nutrients may also be of critical importance in determining the balance between fungal and bacterial decomposition of cellulose.  相似文献   

Effects of temperature,relative humidity and age of conidia on the incidence of spotting on gerbera flowers caused by Botrytis cinerea     

J. Salinas  D. C. M. Glandorf  F. D. Picavet  K. Verhoeff 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1989,95(1):51-64

In recent years, spotting of ray florets of gerbera flowers has become an important problem. This type of small necrotic lesions may occur before, but especially shortly after harvesting the flowers.Botrytis cinerea was easily isolated from such lesions. Inoculation withB. cinerea only gave typical necrotic lesions, when dry conidia were dusted on the flowers with a short period of high rh after inoculation. At 18–25 °C a high rh for at least 5 hours was necessary. Rotting of ray florets and receptacles byB. cinerea occurred when inoculated flowers were kept wet for a few days. Spots consist of one to several necrotic, usually epidermal cells. A single conidium could give rise to a necrotic lesion after germination. Germination of conidia and lesion formation occurred between 4 and 25 °C; at 30 °C, germination and lesion formation did not occur. Between 18 and 25 °C, many lesions became visible within 1 day after inoculation; at 4 °C it took 2 to 3 days before lesions could be seen. If kept dry, conidia ofB. cinerea remained ungerminated on ray florets of gerbera flowers and could be removed from the ray florets. Within 1 day at high rh, germination occurred and lesions were produced. Conidia ofB. cinerea, stored dry, were able to survive much longer than the lifetime of a gerbera flower. Even after storage at room temperature for up to 14 months, some conidia were able to germinate in vitro and on ray florets and induce the formation of lesions. Addition of gerbera pollen diffusate stimulated germination and lesion formation.  相似文献   

Effect of red grapes co-winemaking in polyphenols and color of wines   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Lorenzo C  Pardo F  Zalacain A  Alonso GL  Salinas MR 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(19):7609-7616

The red grapes co-winemaking effect on phenolic fraction and wine color has been studied for the first time, where Monastrell was comacerated and cofermentated with Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot. Changes in the relative abundance of anthocyanins were observed as well as hyperchromic shifts at 530 and 620 nm; these effects remain constant after aging. Co-winemaking also favored copigmentation, giving way to more stable anthocyanins and facilitating their polymerization. With regard to color evolution, the mixture of Monastrell with Merlot grapes was more appropriate than with Cabernet Sauvignon for aging wines in oak barrels. The extent of copigmentation was more important in young wines than in aged wines. This is mainly due to the self-anthocyanin monomer reactions in the case of young wines, whereas in aged wines copigmentation is mainly due to the reaction between the anthocyanins and other polyphenolic cofactors. Discriminant analysis showed the possibility of differentiating wines according to the aging time and the type of wine, with color parameters (color intensity, OD 620 nm, and OD 520 nm) being the most important discrimination variables in the first case and petunidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside contents in the second case.  相似文献   

Bacterial preferences of the bacterivorous soil nematode Cephalobus brevicauda (Cephalobidae): Effect of bacterial type and size     

Kimberly A. Salinas  Sherie L. Edenborn  James B. Kotcon 《Pedobiologia》2007,51(1):55-64

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Influence of the Th2 immune response established by Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection on the protection offered by different vaccines against Chlamydophila abortus infection     

Caro MR  Buendía AJ  Ortega N  Gallego MC  Martínez CM  Cuello F  Ruiz-Ybañez MR  Erb KJ  Salinas J 《Veterinary research communications》2005,29(Z1):51-59

Chlamydophila abortus is the aetiological agent of enzootic abortion in small ruminants in which it infects the placenta to cause abortion during the last trimester of gestation. In a mouse model, a Th1 immune response involving IFN-gamma production and CD8+ T cells is necessary for the infection to be resolved. The authors previously demonstrated that infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, a rodent gastrointestinal nematode extensively used in experimental models to induce Th2 responses, alters the specific immune response against C. abortus infection, increasing bacterial multiplication in liver and reducing specific IFN-gamma production. The aim of the present work was to clarify whether a Th2 immune response has any influence on the success of vaccination using both inactivated and attenuated vaccines. The results showed that the Th2 response established prior to vaccination did not influence the induction of protection offered by the vaccines. However, the effectiveness of this protective response can be altered, depending on the adjuvant employed in the inactivated vaccines, when the Th2 response is established after vaccination, just before challenge with C. abortus.  相似文献   

Field evaluation of a new commercially available ELISA based on a recombinant antigen for diagnosing Chlamydophila abortus (Chlamydia psittaci serotype 1) infection     

Buendía AJ  Cuello F  Del Rio L  Gallego MC  Caro MR  Salinas J 《Veterinary microbiology》2001,78(3):229-239

A new commercially available ELISA (ELISAr-Chlamydia) for detecting antibodies against Chlamydophila abortus has been evaluated using sheep field serum samples. The ELISA is based on a recombinant antigen which expresses part of a protein from the 80-90kDa family that is specific to C. abortus. Sera (105) from six flocks with confirmed ovine chlamydial abortion (OEA) outbreaks were used in this study, as well as sera (258) from 18 flocks which had suffered no OEA in the last lambing. The ELISAr-Chlamydia was compared with the complement fixation test (CFT) and with an ELISA using purified C. abortus elementary bodies (ELISA-EB), employing as reference technique a comparative microimmunofluorescence test that differentiates C. abortus infection from Chlamydophila pecorum infection. The results showed that the sensitivity of ELISAr-Chlamydia was 90.9% with a specificity of 85.9%, the sensitivity of CFT was 71.0% with a specificity of 83.6%, while the sensitivity of ELISA-EB was 95.2% and the specificity was 54.2%. Furthermore, ELISAr-Chlamydia was the test with fewer false positives resulting from positive reactivity to C. pecorum, although 15% of the sera positive for C. pecorum but negative for C. abortus antibodies reacted positively. This study demonstrated with field material that ELISAr-Chlamydia provides the most balanced results between sensitivity and specificity, especially in flocks with no clinical OEA but reactivity to C. abortus.  相似文献   

Across-breed validation study confirms and identifies new loci associated with sexual precocity in Brahman and Nellore cattle     

Thaise Pinto de Melo  Marina Rufino Salinas Fortes  Ben Hayes  Lucia Galvão de Albuquerque  Roberto Carvalheiro 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2020,137(2):139-154

The aim of this study was to identify candidate regions associated with sexual precocity in Bos indicus. Nellore and Brahman were set as validation and discovery populations, respectively. SNP selected in Brahman to validate in Nellore were from gene regions affecting reproductive traits (G1) and significant SNP (p ≤ 10^–3) from a meta-analysis (G2). In the validation population, early pregnancy (EP) and scrotal circumference (SC) were evaluated. To perform GWAS in validation population, we used regression and Bayes C. SNP with p ≤ 10^–3 in regression and Bayes factor ≥3 in Bayes C were deemed significant. Significant SNP (for EP or SC) or SNP in their ±250 Kb vicinity region, which were in at least one discovery set (G1 or G2), were considered validated. SNP identified in both G1 and G2 were considered candidate. For EP, 145 SNP were validated in G1 and 41 in G2, and for SC, these numbers were 14 and 2. For EP, 21 candidate SNP were detected (G1 and G2). For SC, no candidate SNP were identified. Validated SNP and their vicinity region were located close to quantitative trait loci or genes related to reproductive traits and were enriched in gene ontology terms related to reproductive success. These are therefore strong candidate regions for sexual precocity in Nellore and Brahman.  相似文献   

Anatomy,Morphometry and Radiography in the thoracic limb bones of the Patagonian Huemul Deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus)     

Paulo Salinas  Samuel Núñez-Cook  Abigail Arenas-Caro  Luis Moreno  Escarlet Curihuentro  Fernando Vidal 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2020,49(4):494-501

The aim of this study was to provide morphometric, anatomic and radiographic data of the thoracic limb bones of the Patagonian Huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) including a functional interpretation of this, as a reference for clinical use, biomedical research and teaching purposes. Currently, the Patagonian huemul deer is in danger of becoming extinct due to multiple causes. Research carried out for its conservation has focused mainly on its ecology and pathology, leaving gaps in biological knowledge, which is basic and important for its comprehension. This study was conducted to reveal the gross osteology and radiology features of the thoracic limb bones of the Patagonian huemul deer. The osteological findings suggest the presence of powerful flexor muscles in the scapulohumeral and elbow joints, useful to cushion the jumps. Also, the principal nutrient foramen of Patagonian huemul differs in position with respect to domestic ungulates, which may be important to consider during surgical procedures. Finally, the radiographic data can provide new information about the tissue loading conditions in Patagonian huemul, so that this new knowledge can be of great importance for a better understanding of mechanically induced or adaptive changes in bone produced by habitat or other ecological phenomena.  相似文献   

Physicochemical characterization of goat milk produced in the Comarca Lagunera,Mexico     

Luis M. Isidro‐Requejo  Csar A. Meza‐Herrera  Francisco J. Pastor‐Lpez  Jorge A. Maldonado  Homero Salinas‐Gonzlez 《Animal Science Journal》2019,90(4):563-573

The purpose of this study was to determine goat milk physicochemical parameters during the feed scarcity season. An evaluation was made for 398 milk samples from 80 multiparous goats belonging to three different production systems: (S1) mechanized milking grazing pasture and harvested residue (alfalfa) and grain supplemented; (S2) system grazing native pasture; and (S3) system grazing native pasture and grain supplemented. The general averages were: fat (FT) 4.0 ± 0.20%, protein (PR) 3.3 ± 0.05%, lactose (LC) 4.9 ± 0.09%, nonfat solids (NFS) 8.9 ± 0.13%, total solids (TS) 14.5 ± 0.20%, temperature (TM) 24.6 ± 1.06°C, and acidity (pH) 6.7 ± 0.049. Most of the physicochemical components of milk were affected (p < 0.0001) by the production system × month interaction and production system × group × month interaction. The FT content was higher (p < 0.05) in S2 (4.56 ± 0.18) than in S1 (3.64 ± 0.20) and S3 (3.50 ± 0.20). LC differed (p < 0.05) in S2 (5.07 ± 0.08) than in S1 (4.77 ± 0.09) and S3 (4.70 ± 0.09). No differences were observed for the rest of the variables (p < 0.05) among the production systems. The study unveiled a higher content of FT, LC, NFS, PR, and TS for S2 than for S1 and S3. This higher content may be explained because S2 only grazed on herbs and shrubs, in contrast to S1 and S3 which were additionally supplemented with grain concentrates.  相似文献   

The infectibility of cowpea mesophyll cells by tobacco necrosis virus     

J. Salinas Calvete  D. Hendrina Wieringa-Brants 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1981,87(6):211-216

The time required for infectious tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) to pass through the epidermis of cowpea leaves after mechanical inoculation, depended on plant age and environmental temperature. At 22°C the passage time was about 2 h but at 32°C it was only 10 min. Water stress seemed to play a role in the transport of infectious virus into the mesophyll. It was possible to infect cowpea mesophyll cells with TNV directly by using a fine brush without carborundum. Differences between tobacco and cowpea in the establishment of virus infection are discussed.Samenvatting De mogelijkheden om cowpea-mesofylcellen met TNV te infecteren, hetzij via de epidermis, hetzij rechtstreeks, werden onderzocht. De minimum tijd die infectieus virusmateriaal nodig heeft om de epidermis te passeren werd bepaald. De ouderdom van de zaailingen speelde daarbij een rol. Bij 20 dagen oude planten bedroeg de passagetijd meer dan 4 uur, in 10 dagen oude planten was meer dan 2 uur nodig voor passage. De temperatuur van de omgeving was een belangrijke factor. In cowpeabladeren, direct na inoculatie met TNV bij 32°C gezet, bleek de passgetijd slechts 10 minuten te zijn. Verduistering van de planten 24 uur voor inoculatie bekortte de passagetijd aanzienlijk. Ook speelde water-stress in het blad door hoge temperatuur na inoculatie een rol in de vroege infectiestadia. Het was mogelijk, cowpea-mesofyl direct te infecteren, indien cowpea-bladeren gebruikt werden van 9–12 dagen oude zaailingen die opgekweekt waren bij 22±3°C. De bladeren werden gedurende ±1 uur na afplukken op droog filtreerpapier gelegd, daarna werd de onderepidermis met een fijn pincet verwijderd. Inoculatie van het naakte mesofyl met TNV onmiddelljk na het strippen met een fijne penseel zonder carborundum resulteerde in eenzelfde aantal lesies als in de niet-gestripte helft, die geïnoculeerd was door wrijven met hetzelfde TNV-inoculum in aanwezzigheid van carborundum.Het schijnt dat de processen, die betrokken zijn bij het tot stand komen van een TNV-infectie in cowpea en tabak, van elkaar verschillen.  相似文献