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P. Banik 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》1996,176(5):289-294
A field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 1992–93 and 1993–94 at Agricultural Experimental Farm, Giridih, Bihar to evaluate the intercropping systems of legumes, gram ( Cicer arietinum L.), pea ( Pisum sativum ) and lentil ( Lens culinaris ) with wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) in 1:1 and 2:1 'row replacement series'. Intercropping systems were assessed on the basis of new indices termed as actual yield loss (AYL) and intercropping advantage (IA). This paper highlights the comparative effectiveness of evaluating the intercropping systems through the existing intercropping indices like LER, RCC, aggressivity. The indices AYL and IA seem to be more appropriate particularly when per plant yield is considered. Intercropping reduced the yield of component crops compared with respective pure stands. Wheat + pea in 1:1 row replacement series gave the highest wheat yield equivalent value (3.02 t ha−1 ) followed by wheat + lentil (2.91 tha−1 ). When the actual sown proportion was considered wheat + lentil (1:1) resulted in maximum AYL (+0.610) and IA (+0.279) values. This treatment also gave the maximum monetary advantage (Rs 5985.45 ha−1 ). 相似文献
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A new index has been proposed for assessing an intercropping system where the component crops are in row replacement senes. It determines the Actual Yield Loss or gain (AYL) in respect to a component crop in an intercropping situation Here the sown proportion of the component crops with regard to its sole one is to be considered. This index appears to be more appropriate than other established indices like land equivalent ratio, relative yield loss, etc., particularly when per plant yield is considered. Partial AYLs (which are the two components of this index) can be considered as indicators regarding the competition existing between the component intercrops. 相似文献
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Luke J. Tucker Christine S. Grant Malley A. Gautreaux Dhanush L. Amarasekara Nicholas C. Fitzkee Amol V. Janorkar Anandavalli Varadarajan Santanu Kundu Lauren B. Priddy 《Marine drugs》2021,19(3)
Thermosensitive chitosan hydrogels—renewable, biocompatible materials—have many applications as injectable biomaterials for localized drug delivery in the treatment of a variety of diseases. To combat infections such as Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis, localized antibiotic delivery would allow for higher doses at the site of infection without the risks associated with traditional antibiotic regimens. Fosfomycin, a small antibiotic in its own class, was loaded into a chitosan hydrogel system with varied beta-glycerol phosphate (β-GP) and fosfomycin (FOS) concentrations. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the interactions between FOS and chitosan hydrogel. The Kirby Bauer assay revealed an unexpected concentration-dependent inhibition of S. aureus, with reduced efficacy at the high FOS concentration but only at the low β-GP concentration. No effect of FOS concentration was observed for the planktonic assay. Rheological testing revealed that increasing β-GP concentration increased the storage modulus while decreasing gelation temperature. NMR showed that FOS was removed from the liquid portion of the hydrogel by reaction over 12 h. SEM and FTIR confirmed gels degraded and released organophosphates over 5 days. This work provides insight into the physicochemical interactions between fosfomycin and chitosan hydrogel systems and informs selection of biomaterial components for improving infection treatment. 相似文献
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A. Midya K. Bhattacharjee S. S. Ghose P. Banik 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2005,191(3):195-201
Field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Experimental Farm, Giridih, Jharkhand, during the kharif (wet) seasons of consecutive four years (1998–2001) to study the effect of staggered seeding of blackgram (Phaseolus mungo L.) in rice field as a cereal–legume intercropping system and to minimize the degree of competition between the crop species to avoid yield damage, and at the same time to create a high level of competition by the intercrops to suppress the weeds. Intercropping systems were assessed on the basis of land equivalent ratio, relative crowding coefficient, aggressivity, actual yield loss, monetary advantage, etc. Intercropping reduced the yield of component crops when compared with respective pure stands. However, deferred seeding of blackgram in rice (30 cm) after one weeding was most remunerative system and registered maximum rice-equivalent yield (2711 kg ha−1). Rice–blackgram (20 cm) intercropping system was very effective for weed smothering among unweeded intercropping treatments. In conclusion, deferred seeding of blackgram in rice field (30 cm) with one weeding may be recommended for better yield, weed suppression and better economics in the eastern plateau region of India. 相似文献
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Yield losses of different crops due to the attack of various classes of insects are a worldwide problem. Sucking type homopteran pests causing damage to many crop species are not controlled by commonly known insecticidal proteins, namely, Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin (Bt). This study describes the purification of mannose-binding lectins from three different monocotyledonous plants (Allium sativum, Colocasia esculenta, and Diffenbachia sequina) and their effects on a homopteran insect, the red cotton bug. All of them had a detrimental effect on the growth and development of the insect, where A. sativum bulb lectin showed the highest mortality of all, in particular. The same bulb lectin not only affected the growth and fecundity of the insect but also imparted drastic changes in the color, weight, and size, even on the second generation of the insects which have been reared on artificial diet supplemented with a sublethal dose of the lectin. Thus, this finding opens up a possibility of using this lectin as an important component in crop management. 相似文献
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Lantana camara is an ornamental plant used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. The roots of L. camara is a rich source of oleanolic acid which has shown anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antitumor, antioxidant and anti-hyperlipidemic activity. Optimization of various extraction parameters using response surface methodology (RSM) was performed to assess maximum yield of oleanolic acid from L. camara roots. Plackett–Burman design criterion was applied to identify the significant effects of various extraction parameters such as temperature, time, mean particle size, solvent–solid ratio, solvent composition and number of extraction steps on extraction of oleanolic acid. Among the six variables tested extraction time, mean particle size, solvent–solid ratio and solvent composition were found to have significant effect on oleanolic acid extraction. Optimum levels of the significant variables were determined by using a central composite design. The most suitable condition for extraction of oleanolic acid was found to be a single step extraction at extraction temperature 35 °C, extraction time 55 min, solvent–solid ratio 55:1, mean particle size 0.5 mm and solvent composition 52.5% methanol in a methanol-ethyl acetate mixture. At these optimum extraction parameters, the maximum yield of oleanolic acid obtained experimentally (1.74% dry weight of root) was found to be very close to its predicted value of 1.69% dry weight of root. The mathematical model developed was found to fit well with the experimental data of oleanolic acid extraction. 相似文献
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K. Chakrabarti B. Sarkar A. Chakraborty P. Banik D. K. Bagchi 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2000,184(2):137-142
The long-term effect of organic recycling on some aspects of quality in a lowland rice soil of an Indian plateau region was studied. The experiment was set up at the agricultural experimental farm of the Indian Statistical Institute, Giridih, Bihar, India. Two rice cultivars, and treatments with four organic supplements (cowdung manure, Leuceana leaves, decomposed farm residue and Sesbania ), chemical fertilizers (urea, superphosphate and muriate of potash) and no input were arranged in a factorial randomized block design. Organic supplements improved soil quality parameters such as water holding capacity, total organic C, microbial biomass C, urease and acid phosphatase activities of soils in comparison to chemical fertilizers and no input. Among the organic supplements, cowdung manure gave significantly higher organic C (1.39%), microbial biomass C (276.46 μg g−1 dry soil), urease activity (32.79 and 21.22 μg urea hydrolized g−1 dry soil h−1 at 37 °C by the buffer and non-buffer method, respectively) and acid phosphatase activity (1.99 μmol p-nitrophenol released g−1 dry soil h−1 at 37 °C) than the others. The conversion of organic C into biomass C (2.46%) was highest in Leuceana -treated soil. 相似文献
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The study was investigated at Agricultural Experimental Farm, Giridih, India during winter seasons of 2007–2008 and 2008–2009. Plants grown with 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) [nitrogen (N): phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5): potassium oxide (K2O) = 150:60:60 kg ha?1] + AM + Azospirillum (T15) produced maximum chlorophyll, baby cob, and green fodder yield. Root biomass was highest with application of 150% RDF + arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) + Azospirillum (T16). Co-inoculated plants produced higher chlorophyll, root biomass resulted higher cob and green fodder yield. Biofertilizers supplied along with chemical fertilizers saved 70, 29, and 33 kg N, P2O5 and K2O per hectare, respectively. Nutrient (NPK) uptake was greatest in T15. Residual soil fertility in terms of NPK was recorded maximum in T16. Although, co-inoculated plots built up higher residual soil fertility as compare to sole inoculation. Nutrients use efficiency and benefit cost ratio were higher due to application of 50% RDF with co-inoculants. T16 was most costly whereas T14 (50% RDF + AM + Azospirillum) was most beneficial. 相似文献