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1.
Adamo Paola Dudka S. Wilson M. J. McHardy W. J. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2002,137(1-4):95-116
The sequential extraction procedure proposed by the European Commission Measurement and Testing Programme, combined with Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis(SEM/EDS), was applied to identify and quantify the chemical andmineralogical forms of Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd presentin the topsoil from a mining and smelting area near Sudbury (Ontario, Canada). The possible mobility of the chemical forms was also assessed. The metal fractions: (1) soluble and exchangeable, (2) occluded in manganese oxides and in easily reducible iron oxides, (3) organically bound and in form of sulphides, (4) residual mainly present in the mineral lattice structures were separated. Cu and Ni were the major metallic contaminants, occurring in soils in broad ranges of concentrations: Cu 11–1890 and Ni 23–2150 mg kg-1. Cu was uniformly distributed among allthe extracted fractions. Ni was found associated mainly withthe residual forms, accounting for 17–92%, with an averageof 64%, of the total Ni present in the soils. Fe, Mn, Zn,Pb, Cr and Cd, while occurring in most analysed samples innormal soil concentrations, were primarily held in theresidual mineral fraction (on average >50%). The solubleand exchangeable forms made a small contribution (≤8.1%)to the total content of metals extracted. At least 14% ofthe total Cd, Mn and Pb was mobilised from the reducibleforms. The oxidizable fraction assumed mean values higher than10% only for Pb and Zn. Statistical treatment of the experimental data showed significant correlations between totalmetal content of the soils, some soil properties such as pH value, clay and organic matter content, and metal concentrationsin the various fractions. SEM/EDS analysis showed Fe in form ofoxides and sulphides in soils and Cu, Ni, Mn, Zn and Cr in association with iron oxides. Numerous black carbonaceous particles and precipitates of aluminium fluoride salts, observedin the solid residue left after `total’ digestion, were found tocontain Fe, Ni and Cr. 相似文献
2.
Effect of elevated concentrations of Cd and Zn in soil on spring wheat yield and the metal contents of the plants 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The effect of increasing concentrations of Cd and Zn in a sandy soil on spring wheat (Triticum vulgare L.) yields and the metal contents of the plants was examined in a pot experiment to establish critical levels of these metals in soil. The metals were added (individually and jointly) to the soil as sulfates in the following doses (in μg g?1, dry wt.): Cd — 2, 3, 5,10, 15, 25, and 50; Zn ?200, 300, 500, 1000, 1500, 2500, and 5000. Cadmium added to soil did not affect yields of wheat. The Zn dose of 1000 μg g?1 strongly reduced crop yields; at 1500 μg g? Zn dose wheat did not produce grain. The metal contents of wheat increased with increasing concentrations of Cd and Zn in soil up to 10.3 and 1587 μ g? of Cd and Zn in straw, respectively. The concentrations of both metals were higher in straw than in grain by factors of 3–7 and 1.5–2 for Zn and Cd, respectively. The relationships between Cd and Zn contents of the plants and soils were best expressed by exponential equations. High concentrations of Zn in soils (1042 and 1542 μg g?1) enhanced uptake of Cd by plants. The tested threshold concentrations of the metals in soils (3 μg g?1 for Cd and 200–300 μg g?1 for Zn) are safe for Zn but are too high for Cd in terms of protecting plants from excessive metal uptake. The critical Cd content of sandy soil should not exceed 1.5 μg g?. 相似文献
3.
Samoylenko V Zhao J Dunbar DC Khan IA Rushing JW Muhammad I 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(17):6398-6402
Morinda citrifolia L. (Rubiaceae), known as noni, has a long history of traditional use in the Hawaiian and Tahitian islands. More recently, an array of commercial noni fruit juice products are gaining popularity as dietary supplements, with claims of anticancer and immunostimulant activities. The biologically active principles of noni are not fully known. In continuation of work on the isolation of markers from dietary supplements, this paper reports the isolation of three new markers, namely, 1-O-(3'-methylbut-3'-enyl)-beta-D-glucopyranose (1), 1-n-butyl-4-(5'-formyl-2'-furanyl)methyl succinate (2), and 4-epi-borreriagenin (3), together with the known iridoid glycosides asperulosidic acid (4) and deacetylasperulosidic acid (5) and a mixture of 1-n-butyl-4-methyl-2-hydroxysuccinate (6a) and 1-n-butyl-4-methyl-3-hydroxysuccinate (6b), as well as a mixture of alpha- and beta-glucopyranose from noni fruit juice obtained from Puerto Rico. The structures of compounds were based on 1H and 13C NMR, mainly 2D NMR COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY experiments, and HRMS. Furthermore, samples from fresh-squeezed noni fruit juice from Japan revealed the presence of scopoletin (7), in addition to compounds 1-6, indicating no significant differences in the marker constituents of noni collected from Atlantic and Pacific regions. 相似文献
4.
Simultaneously mitigating near-term climate change and improving human health and food security 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Shindell D Kuylenstierna JC Vignati E van Dingenen R Amann M Klimont Z Anenberg SC Muller N Janssens-Maenhout G Raes F Schwartz J Faluvegi G Pozzoli L Kupiainen K Höglund-Isaksson L Emberson L Streets D Ramanathan V Hicks K Oanh NT Milly G Williams M Demkine V Fowler D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,335(6065):183-189
Tropospheric ozone and black carbon (BC) contribute to both degraded air quality and global warming. We considered ~400 emission control measures to reduce these pollutants by using current technology and experience. We identified 14 measures targeting methane and BC emissions that reduce projected global mean warming ~0.5°C by 2050. This strategy avoids 0.7 to 4.7 million annual premature deaths from outdoor air pollution and increases annual crop yields by 30 to 135 million metric tons due to ozone reductions in 2030 and beyond. Benefits of methane emissions reductions are valued at $700 to $5000 per metric ton, which is well above typical marginal abatement costs (less than $250). The selected controls target different sources and influence climate on shorter time scales than those of carbon dioxide-reduction measures. Implementing both substantially reduces the risks of crossing the 2°C threshold. 相似文献
5.
Catalase activity as a potential vital biomarker of fish intoxication by the herbicide aminotriazole
Olena Yu. Vasylkiv Olga I. Kubrak Kenneth B. Storey Volodymyr I. Lushchak 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2011,101(1):1-5
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the herbicide 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (AMT) on the activities of catalase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in blood (plasma and erythrocytes) and eight solid tissues of goldfish, Carassius auratus. Injection of goldfish with AMT (0.5 mg/gww AMT in 0.9% NaCl) resulted in a significant decrease in catalase activity 24 h post-injection in most tissues investigated. In white and red muscle, kidney, heart, liver, brain and erythrocytes the activity of catalase decreased by 61%, 69%, 64%, 48%, 40%, 27% and 26%, respectively, in comparison to the values seen in animals injected with physiological saline (0.9% NaCl). However, the activity of LDH decreased only in red muscle (by 19%) after AMT injection, whereas in plasma it increased by 137%. Protein carbonyl levels, a measure of oxidative damage to proteins, did not change in plasma in goldfish injected with AMT and total hemoglobin levels in AMT-injected fish, although lower compared with uninjected controls, did not differ from values in saline-injected controls. It is proposed that catalase activity in erythrocytes and white muscle might be usefully developed as a potential marker for fish intoxication by aminotriazole and other related herbicides. 相似文献
6.
Compost can be used to remediate metal-contaminatedsites because it binds metals and reduces metal uptakeby plants. A greenhouse experiment was conducted totest the effectiveness of compost to remediate Zntoxicity to plants and to determine its effect on zinc(Zn) distribution among operationally defined forms. Cecil soil (Typic kanhapludults) was amendedwith 0 to 5000 mg kg-1 Zn and biosolid compost at0, 100, and 300 tons ha-1, and then corn (Zea mays L.) was planted. After 42 days of growthplants were weighed and analyzed for Zn concentration. Soil was analyzed for Mehlich 1-extractable Zn andfractionated by a sequential extraction procedure forforms of Zn. Compost lowered soil pH while increasingCEC, exchangeable hydrogen and percent carbon. Concentrations of Mehlich 1-extractable Zn weredecreased by compost addition. Compost additionsdecreased plant Zn concentration and allowed moreplant survival with toxic levels of soil Zn. Compostamendment redistributed Zn from the water soluble andexchangeable fractions to the manganese oxide andamorphous iron oxide fractions, which shows a changein form of Zn from more plant available to less plantavailable. Biosolid compost soil amendments decreaseplant availability of Zn making it less toxic toplants even where it decreases soil pH, which wouldtend to have the opposite effect. 相似文献
7.
Sequential extraction was utilized for partitioning Cd, Cr, Ni, and Zn, in soil and sludge samples into five operationally-defined fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Fe-Mn oxides, bound to organic matter and residual. The highest amounts of Cd, Ni, and Zn, expressed as per cent of the total, were found in the Fe-Mn oxide fraction of the sewage sludge. Chromium was significantly associated with the organic fraction of the sludge. The residue was the most abundant fraction for all metals studied in the untreated soil, and for Cd and Ni in the sludge-treated soil. The concentration of exchangeable Cd and Cr was relatively low in the untreated soil and did not change much after sludge application, whereas the concentrations of exchangeable Zn increased about 50 times and the concentrations of exchangeable Ni doubled in the sludge-treated soil. The lysimetric experiment revealed an increase in Zn and Ni uptake by ryegrass and in the percentage of metals leached from the soil profile after massive sludge application. In contrast only negligible changes were observed for Cd and Cr. The assumption that mobility and biological availability are related to metal speciation was confirmed by the agreement between the distribution pattern of Cd, Cr, Ni and Zn in the soils, the uptake of the metals by plants and their capacity for leaching out from the soils. 相似文献
8.
引进小麦种质材料的高分子量谷蛋白亚基分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了有效利用多年来引自俄罗斯及中亚地区的小麦资源,了解引进材料的遗传基础,特别是品质基础,采用SDS-PAGE技术对102份小麦材料的高分子量谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GS）组成进行了分析。结果表明,参试材料中共检测到11种HMW-GS类型,Glu-A1位点上有1、2＊、Null,Null位点相对比较多,为40.20%;Glu-B1位点上有7、7＋8、7＋9、6＋8、17＋18,以7＋9为主要类型（59.80%）;Glu-D1位点有2＋12、2＋12’、5＋10三种类型,其中5＋10所占比例为51.96%。参试材料共检测到16种亚基组合,其中＂Null,7＋9,2＋12＂所占比例较大,为25.5%。值得一提的是,参试材料中品质评分为10分的材料有22个,9分的有29个。这些材料有可能会成为比较有价值的品质改良中间材料。 相似文献
9.
Volodymyr Bondarenko Miroslav Blecha Tomas Policar 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2018,44(6):1591-1597
Sexually mature males (BW?=?1600?±?150 g and TL?=?235?±?30 mm) of northern pike (Esox lucius L.) were randomly selected from a pond to record changes in their sperm quality parameters (spermatozoa morphology, sperm volume, density, and motility parameters) during the spawning season. The morphological and motility parameters changed significantly during the reproductive season with following trends. Only, head width was not changed during the spawning season. The longest spermatozoa and its flagellar length were found at the middle of spawning period (TL?=?38.24?±?0.37 μm and 35.14?±?0.26 μm) and shortest at the beginning of spawning period (TL?=?34.81?±?0.29 μm and 32.53?±?0.18 μm). Other morphological characters were always the lowest at the beginning of spawning period. Sperm volume was changed from 0.33?±?0.3 ml in February, 0.43?±?0.2 ml in March to 0.24?±?0.1 ml in April, and density from 16.2?±?0.2?×?109 spermatozoa ml?1 in February, 19.4?±?0.2?×?109 spermatozoa ml?1 in March to 4.8?±?0.2?×?109 spermatozoa ml?1 in April. Same sperm velocity was observed in all spawning terms at 10 and 20 s after activation. Higher velocity was found at 30 and 40 s after activation in sperm collected at the middle and the end of spawning period. Significantly, higher percentage of motile sperm was observed at 20, 30, and 40 s after activation in sperm sampled at the end of spawning period. This study supports the hypothesis that longer spermatozoa swim faster. 相似文献
10.
Peter Meyer Pavel Janda Martin Mikoláš Volodymyr Trotsiuk Frank Krumm Hana Mrhalová Michal Synek Jana Lábusová Daniel Kraus Jan Brandes Miroslav Svoboda 《European Journal of Forest Research》2017,136(5-6):907-921
European natural mountain Norway spruce (Picea abies) forests are currently subject to extensive disturbances. An improved understanding of the self-regulated regenerative capacity of this forest type is therefore needed. We used the last remnant of natural mountain Norway spruce forests in central northwestern Europe (BNF Brocken natural forest), to analyze (1) the diversity of structure and age distribution of the tree population and (2) the effect of disturbances on self-regulated tree regeneration over the last 264 years. To this end, we combined an assessment of stand structure with dendrochronological investigations and a review of disturbance history. We hypothesized that BNF exhibits a high diversity of tree ages and dimensions and that recruitment and survival of tree regeneration were largely independent from disturbances. BNF showed a high structural and age diversity. Disturbances exhibited no regular temporal pattern. Their effect on tree regeneration was rather complex and changed with observation period. Impeding and facilitating effects of past disturbances on recruitment were significant from 1736 to 1910. From 1911 until 2000, recruitment decoupled from preceding disturbances. Subsequent disturbances facilitated survival of established trees from 1736 to 1820, while afterward no significant influence could be proved. Our study showed that in the course of self-regulated development the tree population of BNF has gradually acquired, or maintained, a diverse structure. Disturbances served as an important driver of diversification. We concluded that increasing deadwood availability and limiting browsing are the key to securing immediate regeneration. 相似文献