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The quality of compliance: investigating fishers’ responses towards regulation and authorities 
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下载免费PDF全文 A substantial amount of scientific effort goes into understanding and measuring compliance in fisheries. Understanding why, how and when fishers follow or violate rules is crucial for designing effective fishery policies that can halt overfishing. Non‐compliance was initially explained almost exclusively with reference to economic and self‐interested motivations. More recently, however, most explanations involve a combination of economic, social, political and environmental factors. Despite this recent development towards more holistic explanations, many scientists continue to frame the issue in binary terms: fishers either follow rules, or they don't. In this article we challenge this binary interpretation and focus attention on the diversity of fishers’ dispositions and perceptions that underpin compliant behaviour. To this aim we construct a typology of fishers’ responses towards regulation and authorities, thereby developing conceptual tools to understand different motivations and attitudes that underlie compliance outcomes. For this purpose, we identify the motivational postures of ‘creativity’ and ‘reluctance’, and then highlight their empirical relevance with an interview study of Swedish fishers. Reasons for studying the quality and diversity of fishers’ motivations and responses are not purely academic. Conceptualizing and observing the quality of compliance can help policymakers and managers gauge and anticipate the potentiality of non‐compliant fishing practices that may threaten the resilience of marine ecosystems. 相似文献
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Wiebren Santema Marije Overdijk Judith Barends Jeroen Krijgsveld Victor Rutten Ad Koets 《Veterinary microbiology》2009,138(1-2):191-196
Accurate immunodiagnosis of bovine paratuberculosis is among others hampered by the lack of specific antigens. One of the most frequently used antigen preparations is purified protein derivative (PPD), also known as tuberculin. This crude extract has limitations when used in diagnostic assays due to the presence of cross-reactive antigens. The aim of the current study was to systematically analyze the qualitative protein composition of PPD of the major mycobacterial pathogens.One-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by tandem mass spectrometry analysis of PPD from Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), Mycobacterium avium subspecies avium (MAA) and Mycobacterium bovis (MB) identified 156, 95 and 132 proteins, respectively. Comparative sequence analysis led to the selection of a MAP-specific protein (MAP1718c), and finally heterologous expression in Escherichia coli of this and other diagnostic candidate proteins (MAP3515c and MAP1138c (LprG)) enabled evaluation of their immunogenicity. Lymphocyte proliferation responses did not indicate substantial diagnostic potential of the antigens tested. In contrast serum antibody levels for MAP1138c in paratuberculosis infected cows (N = 20) were significantly higher (p < 0.01) than in control animals (N = 20), despite the conserved nature of this protein.In conclusion, this study showed that a combination of proteomics and genomics, starting from complex protein mixtures, present in tuberculins, can reveal novel proteins aiding the development of immunodiagnostics for mycobacterial diseases. 相似文献
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Different Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis MIRU-VNTR patterns coexist within cattle herds
van Hulzen KJ Heuven HC Nielen M Hoeboer J Santema WJ Koets AP 《Veterinary microbiology》2011,148(2-4):419-424
A better understanding of the biodiversity of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) offers more insight in the epidemiology of paratuberculosis and therefore may contribute to the control of the disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity in bovine MAP isolates using PCR-based methods detecting genetic elements called Variable-Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) and Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units (MIRUs) to determine if multiple MAP strains can coexist on farms with endemic MAP infection. For 52 temporal isolates originating from infected cattle from 32 commercial dairy herds with known trading history, MIRU-VNTR analysis was applied at 10 loci of which six showed variation. Within the group of 52 isolates, 17 different MIRU-VNTR patterns were detected. One MIRU-VNTR pattern was found in 29 isolates, one pattern in four isolates, one pattern in three isolates, two times one MIRU-VNTR pattern was found occurring in two isolates, and 12 patterns were found only once. Eleven herds provided multiple isolates. In five herds a single MIRU-VNTR pattern was detected among multiple isolates whereas in six herds more than one pattern was found. This study confirms that between dairy farms as well as within dairy farms, infected animals shed MAP with different MIRU-VNTR patterns. Analysis of trading history and age within herds indicated that cows born within the same birth cohort can be infected with MAP strains exhibiting variations in the number of MIRU-VNTR repeats. These data indicate that such multiple genotypes of MAP can coexist within one herd. 相似文献
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The study and classification of fishers' behaviour remains a much debated topic. There is a tension between detailed empirical studies, which highlight the variety and diversity of fisheries, and the parsimony and generalization required to satisfy science and policy demands. This study contributes to this debate. The first section reviews quantitative methods currently used for classifying fishing practices. The review uncovers significant weaknesses in quantitative classification methods, which, we argue, can be improved through the complementary use of qualitative methods. To this purpose, we introduce the concept of ‘fishing style’, which integrates quantitative classification methods with qualitative analysis. We explain the scientific premises of the fishing‐style concept, outline a general methodological framework and present a fishing‐style analysis of Swedish Baltic Sea fisheries. Based on these results, we conclude that it is possible to classify fishing practices in a relatively uniform and limited number of styles that can highlight the rich, empirical diversity of fishers' behaviour. We therefore propose that fishing‐style analysis, based on an integration of quantitative and qualitative methods, can be an important step towards more effective and sustainable fisheries management. 相似文献
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Nguyen TK Wieland W Santema W Hoeboer J van Eden W Rutten V Koets A Van Rhijn I 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2011,142(3-4):265-270
Strong anti glycolipid IgG responses can occur in humans and animals, but contrary to anti protein responses and anti glycoprotein responses, the exact mechanism of induction is unknown. We have previously shown that experimental immunization with the glycolipid glucose monomycolate (GMM) causes the development of specific T cell responses, but not of anti GMM antibodies. However, cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis produce high levels of anti GMM IgG. In the present study, we tested whether vaccination with GMM conjugated to a protein mimics natural infection in its capacity to induce the production of antibodies against GMM. Cattle were immunized (n=5 per group) with GMM conjugated to a protein, or GMM and protein non-conjugated and administered at contralateral locations, or carrier only. Although immunization with the GMM-protein conjugate vaccine and the non-conjugated vaccine induced protein specific antibody responses, GMM specific antibodies were not detected in either of the groups. In conclusion, the generation of isotype-switched anti lipid antibodies appears to require more than providing peptide epitopes for T helper cells to support glycolipid specific B cells in antibody production. 相似文献
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Bovine paratuberculosis is a highly prevalent chronic infection of the small intestine in cattle, caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Current control strategies based on test-and-cull and biosecurity measures do not suffice in lowering the prevalence of paratuberculosis in an adequate manner. Therefore, control programmes are in need of an effective vaccine, but at the moment no vaccine is registered for use in cattle in the European Union. This review provides a brief overview of the microbiology, epidemiology and immunology of bovine paratuberculosis, and focuses on recent advances in the development of vaccines against paratuberculosis. 相似文献
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Nanda Wijermans Wiebren J. Boonstra Kirill Orach Jonas Hentati‐Sundberg Maja Schlüter 《Fish and Fisheries》2020,21(5):872-890
Despite improved knowledge and stricter regulations, numerous fish stocks remain overharvested. Previous research has shown that fisheries management may fail when the models and assessments used to inform management are based on unrealistic assumptions regarding fishers' decision‐making and responses to policies. Improving the understanding of fisher behaviour requires addressing its diversity and complexity through the integration of social science knowledge into modelling. In our paper, we review and synthesize state‐of‐the‐art research on both social science's understanding of fisher behaviour and the representation of fisher decision‐making in scientific models. We then develop and experiment with an agent‐based social–ecological fisheries model that formalizes three different fishing styles. Thereby we reflect on the implications of our incorporation of behavioural diversity and contrast it with the predominant assumption in fishery models: fishing practices being driven by rational profit maximizing. We envision a next generation of fisheries models and management that account for social scientific knowledge on individual and collective human behaviours. Through our agent‐based model, we demonstrate how such an integration is possible and propose a scientific approach for reducing uncertainty based on human behavioural diversity in fisheries. This study serves to lay the foundations for a next generation of social–ecological fishery models that account for human behavioural diversity and social and ecological complexity that are relevant for a realistic assessment and management of fishery sustainability problems. 相似文献
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Pieter C. M. M. Magusin Andreas Bolz Kerstin Sperling Wiebren S. Veeman 《Geoderma》1997,80(3-4):449-462
Xenon nuclear magnetic resonance (129Xe NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful technique to study microporous solids and semi-crystalline polymers. In this pilot study we investigate the use of 129Xe NMR spectroscopy for studying soils by applying the technique to model systems of carbon black and kaolin powders and to humified sand. In contrast to e.g. zeolites no xenon is sorbed within the sand crystallites at room temperature and high pressure (10 atm). Xenon is only adsorbed at the crystallite surface. The exchange of xenon between the adsorbed and gas phase is so fast, that 129Xe NMR spectroscopy cannot distinguish between the two. This results in a single peak in the 129Xe NMR spectrum with a weighted-average chemical shift between the shift of xenon in the adsorbed and the gas state. A model is presented which relates the chemical shift to the local volume-to-area ratio of the intercrystallite pores at a submillimetre scale. If other heterogeneity types can be neglected, 129Xe NMR spectroscopy potentially reveals information about pore size distributions in undisrupted soils. 相似文献
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