Microbiological studies on bacterial spectra of milk samples from healthy udder quarters and from those with increased cell counts and/or conductivity values]     

A Bergmann  A Reinhold 《Archiv fuer experimentelle veterinaermedizin》1978,32(5):685-697

The germ levels of 2,182 milk samples obtained from udder quarters with subclinical mastitis were compared to milk sampled from 2,061 udder quarters with physiological cell counts or conductivity values. Three cattle herds were involved in the test programme. No germ growth was established from 9.5 per cent of all samples taken from udder quarters with increased cell counts and conductivities and from 4.1 per cent of those samples taken from intact udder quarters. Samples taken from udder quarters with subclinical mastitis exhibited the following rises in bacteria, as compared to samples from intact quarters: staphylococci by 3.1 per cent, staphylocci in germ mixtures by 3.0 per cent, CAMP-positive streptococci by 2.2 per cent, alpha-haemolytic CAMP-negative streptococci by 0.8 per cent, anhaemolytic streptococci in germ mixtures by 0.4 per cent, beta-haemolytic streptococci by 0.5 per cent, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by 1.4 per cent. Other germ species and mixtures exhibited declining trends along with growing subclinical affection of udder quarters. All findings so far obtained in the presence of subclinical mastitis are likely to suggest that 11.4 per cent of detected bacteria were of pathogenicity to udders. However, attempts to localise those 11.4 per cent were unsuccessful, since no significant difference could be calculated by comparison of intact with affected udder quarters. Reference is made in the discussion to primary and secondary germ levels of milk samples and their relevance to the problem and its elucidation.  相似文献   

Viral infections of the respiratory tract in young cattle and problems of their immunoprophylaxis]     

H Bergmann  H Hahnefeld 《Archiv fuer experimentelle veterinaermedizin》1978,32(3):407-415

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Comparison of postmortal changes in the ultrastructure of the masseter muscle and the longissimus dorsi muscle in pigs with PSE-meat]     

V Bergmann 《Archiv fuer experimentelle veterinaermedizin》1975,29(5):717-733

Samples of the two muscles were taken from 8 Landrace fattened pigs, affected with pale, soft exudative meat, during stunning and 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after death; also 2, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after slaughter, with storage at 20 degrees C for the first six hours and 2-5 degrees C subsequently. Considerable changes were found during the first hour after death, or even in samples taken during stunning, in longissimus dorsi samples. These consisted of destruction of mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum, breakdown of cell membranes, liberation of clumps of fibre protein, disappearance of glycogen, rigor and destruction of capillaries. Such changes would account for the features of pale, soft exudative meat such as water loss, brief rigor, pale colour, deficiency of energy-rich phosphates. By contrast, in the masseter muscles of the same animal these changes did not occur until later, or were in port absent. In both muscle the breakdown of fibres took place by destruction of the "I" bands and the "Z" strips, and this process also commenced in longissimus dorsi before masseter.  相似文献   

Fusarium moniliforme secretes four endopolygalacturonases derived from a single gene product     

C. Caprari  C. Bergmann  Q. Migheli  G. Salvi  P. Albersheim  A. Darvill  F. Cervone  G. De Lorenzo 《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》1993,43(6)

Extracellular endopolygalacturonase, purified from the pathogenic fungus Fusarium moniliforme, consists of four molecular forms (38, 41·5, 45, and 48·5 kDa, respectively. Three forms (38, 41·5, and 45 kDa) were purified to homogencity by FPLC on a Mono S column followed by electroelution after SDS-PAGE. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of each of the three forms, and of a mixture containing all four forms were shown to be identical to that predicted from the nucleotide sequence of the endopolygalacturonase gene previously cloned from F. moniliforme. Enzymatic deglycosylation experiments revealed the presence of N-linked, high mannose oligosaccharide side-chains on all four forms of endo polygalacturonase. Hydrogen fluoride catalysed chemical deglycosylation of the polygalacturonase mixture yielded a single polypeptide with an apparent molecular mass of 36·2 kDa. Southern blot analysis, carried out at high stringency with an endopolygalacturonase-specific probe on genomic DNA digested with three different restriction enzymes, showed a single hybridizing restriction fragment in all three digests. A single 2·0 Mb chromosome hybridized with the endo polygalacturonase-specific probe, as shown by Southern blot analysis of F. moniliforme chromosomes separated by CHEF electrophoresis. Northern blot analysis revealed only one mRNA species 1350 nt encoding endo polygalacturonase. These data indicate that a single gene encodes the endopolygalacturonases of F. moniliforme.  相似文献   

Epizootiology of fowls adenoviruses     

Hess M  Prusas C  Bergmann V  Mazaheri A  Raue R 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2000,113(5):202-208

Fowl adenoviruses of the serotype 4 from Germany were characterised by restriction enzyme analysis in comparison to isolates from Asia, South America and the FAV4 reference strain KR5. Only strain Da60 which was isolated from a psittacine aviary was identical with the reference strain KR5. None of the isolates was identical with the highly pathogenic strains from India and Ecuador. One-day-old chicks were infected orally and intramuscularly with the reference strain KR5, the psittacine isolate Da60 and isolate K1013 from Ecuador. Whereas no mortality was seen with the two strains KR5 and Da60, the mortality with K1013 was 100%. The main pathological signs were a swollen liver with necrosis and a lymphocyte depletion with a loss of the follicle structure. To investigate a second subject of avian adenovirus epizootiology several FAVs were characterized serologically and with PCR which was combined with the digestion of the PCR products. Including the reference strains, both methods were compared. It was shown that the digestion of the PCR products allows a clear attribution to a specific serotype, which underlines the usefulness of this method for diagnostic purposes.  相似文献   

The pathomorphology and pathogenesis of acute cardiovascular failure in swine. 2. Histopathologic findings in the myocardium of swine of different populations     

A Gr?fe  V Bergmann  H Seifert 《Archiv fuer experimentelle veterinaermedizin》1990,44(4):513-520

Histopathological alterations of the myocardium (inflammatory processes, fibrolysis, fibronecrosis, dystrophic calcification, fatty degeneration of fibres, sarcosporidia) were recorded for quantitative evaluation from 200 hearts which had been collected from clinically intact pigs for slaughter of different populations (Leicoma, land race, Schwerfurt breed, Belgian land race). Both incidence and severity of myocardial damage in pigs of stress-sensitive populations were higher with significance than those in the less stress-sensitive Leicoma population oriented to breeding. The highest rate of pathological processes was recorded from hearts of the Schwerfurt breed. These alterations were interpreted as objectively measurable expressions of breed-dependent differences in cardiovascular stability. In this context, rates of damage were higher in hearts of low absolute mass.  相似文献   

Establishment and early growth characteristics of six Paulownia genotypes for goat browse in Raleigh, NC, USA     

J. Paul Mueller  Jean-Marie Luginbuhl  Ben A. Bergmann 《Agroforestry Systems》2001,52(1):63-72

Meat goat production in the eastern USA is increasing as a result of growing demand from various ethnic groups. Because goats naturally prefer a high proportion of browse in their diets, research was initiated to investigate various silvopastoral production systems. The genus Paulownia contains several species which exhibit rapid juvenile growth and other characteristics that justify research into their potential use in meat goat feeding systems. In May 1997, six Paulownia genotypes were planted in a randomized complete block experiment with six replications. Trees were between 6 and 12 cm in height at planting. Genotypes included: P. fortunei seedlings, P. tomentosa seedlings, P. elongata seedlings and three P. elongata clones. Each 4-m wide plot contained a single row of 12 trees with an intra-row spacing of 1 m. Plant measurements included height, root collar diameter (RCD) at 3 cm above soil surface, and the number of main branches. Leaf samples were collected from all six replications for estimates of herbage quality. During 1998, trees were browsed with goats on two occasions to assess palatability of the herbage and to determine any preference for specific genotypes by the animals. Compared with seedling trees of all three species, the three P. elongata clones were taller (clones: 79.7 cm, seedlings: 55.9 cm; P < 0.01), had larger RCDs (clones: 18.4 mm, seedlings: 13.9 mm; P < 0.01) and had a higher branching frequency (clones: 4.9, seedlings: 1.5; P < 0.01) by the end of the first growing season. Mortality averaged 4.8% across all treatments and ranged between 0 and 8%. Early in the 1998 growing season before trees were browsed, P. elongata clones grew more rapidly than seedlings (clones: 116.4 cm, seedlings: 84.1 cm; P < 0.01). Estimates of herbage quality indicated favorable concentrations of energy and protein for lamina. In vitro true dry matter disappearance ranged from 85.4 (blades) to 71.5% (petioles) and crude protein from 25.1 (blades) to 4.9% (petioles). Animals readily browsed the lamina during two separate sessions, but no clear preference trends were observed among the different Paulownia genotypes.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Fruit availability influences the seasonal abundance of invasive stink bugs in ornamental tree nurseries     

Holly M. Martinson  P. Dilip Venugopal  Erik J. Bergmann  Paula M. Shrewsbury  Michael J. Raupp 《Journal of pest science》2015,88(3):461-468

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Age‐dependent baseline values of faecal cortisol metabolites in the American mink (Neovison vison) under semi‐natural housing conditions     

E. Rauch  S. Bergmann  A. Hagn  J. Meixensperger  S. Reese  R. Palme  M.H. Erhard 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2014,98(3):497-503

The welfare of an animal is ensured if it is able to fully satisfy its essential species‐typical needs in all functional aspects of behaviour. In mink, stereotypies and apathy, internal and/or external injuries as well as increased susceptibility to disease have been known to occur as a result of chronic stress. The non‐invasive method of analysing faecal cortisol metabolites (FCM) allows conclusions to be drawn about the stress level in the respective housing system. The objective of this study is to find out how the cortisol metabolites content in the faecal changes with increasing age of the mink under semi‐natural housing conditions. Thus, 40 American mink (Neovison vison) were housed in two outdoor enclosures imitating natural conditions. Throughout the entire study (13th to 32nd week of life), faecal samples were collected to measure cortisol metabolites. No differences in FCM concentrations between the two outdoor enclosures were found. In the young mink lower, less fluctuating FCM levels were found than in older animals. After the first faecal collection in the 13th/14th week of life, the level of metabolites decreased slightly (p = 0.032; 17th/18th week). From the 22nd/23rd week onwards until the 30th/31st week, shortly before the animals were pelted, continuously increasing concentrations were then measured. Increasing FCM levels with advancing age of the animals are probably attributable to the onset of sexual maturity and/or the respective season. This has to be taken into account in future studies using this method for assessing welfare and when comparing different mink housing systems.  相似文献   

Über den Einfluß der Eisen- und Manganernährung auf die Peroxidase- und Katalaseaktivität sowie den Gehalt an löslichen Kohlenhydraten in den Blättern einiger landwirtschaftlicher Kulturpflanzen     

Hans-Peter Vielemeyer  Friedrich Fischer  Werner Bergmann 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(8):727-745

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