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1.
An investigation was carried out into an outbreak of respiratory disease complex (RDC) in 3641 Menz and Awassi×Menz cross sheep in Central Ethiopia between 1998 and 1999 by clinical, serological, microbiological, post-mortem and histopathological examinations. The monthly incidence of RDC varied from 2.8% to 4.0% and the prevalence was as high as 17%. The case fatality rate was 18%, despite culling of sick sheep. Over 76% of the morbidity occurred in adults, followed by 19% among weaners. Similarly, 62% of the mortality was in adults. However, 27% of the mortality occurred in lambs despite the low morbidity in the group. Significant breed and age differences were seen in the morbidity and mortality rates (p<0.05). Clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions and serological and bacteriological examinations showed an interplay of several causes of the RDC, including pestes des petits ruminants (PPR) (72.3%, serologically confirmed), lung worms, maedi-visna, bacterial bronchopneumonia (staphylococcal and streptococcal), enzootic pneumonia and some fungal infections. Cold temperatures, which may be as low as –8.5°C at night, are major predisposing factors along with managemental stresses. Vaccination of animals with a homologous PPR vaccine appeared to decrease dramatically the occurrence of the disease, showing that PPR played an important role in the outbreak. Several of the pathogens do not appear to be individually capable of causing the respiratory disease. Appropriate strategies for the prevention of RDC are suggested. 相似文献
2.
A total of 5586 indigenous and cross breed cattle were examined for clinical dermatophilosis, and 292 (5.22%) were positive. In indigenous cattle, statistically discernible (p < 0.05) difference was recorded between the prevalence in wet (5.5%) and dry (4.0%) seasons. During both seasons, infestation with A. Variegatum significantly (p < 0.05, chi 2 = 59.9) influenced clinical dermatophilosis. A. variegatum-infested cattle were at 7x higher risk (OR, Odds Ratio = 6.8) of acquiring the disease than non-infested ones. Logistic regression analysis of the overall prevalence showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between prevalence in indigenous and cross breeds; the crossbreeds being at about 3x higher risk (OR = 2.68). Improved management reduced the prevalence in cross breeds from 15.1% in dry to 8.6% in wet season suggesting the significance of management in the epidemiology of dermatophilosis. The disease occurrence was also significantly (p < 0.05, chi 2 = 133.05) affected by agro-climatic (altitude) variation suggesting the impact of rainfall, humidity, vegetation and vector population that varied with altitude. Age and gender had no influence (p > 0.05) on the disease. Our result showed that season of the year, breed, management, infestation with A. variegatum and agro climatic difference are important risk factors influencing the disease pattern in the region. A tick control strategy and a better and adequate management particularly when keeping cross breeds are recommended. 相似文献
3.
A study was made of bovine dermatophilosis on 540 animals at a high altitude (2400–2500 m above sea level) in Ethiopia. Eighty-two (15.4%) of the animals were affected by the disease which was more prevalent in local animals than was previously assumed. There was a significant (p<0.05) difference in the prevalence among different age groups. However, the difference in the prevalence of the disease between males and females was not significant (p>0.05). Associated risk factors included the relatively high average annual rainfall and humidity, tick infestation (76%) and management, related to the mixed crop-livestock production system. The possible impact of the disease on Ethiopian agriculture is indicated. 相似文献
4.
Woldemeskel M Kebede E Yigezu L Potgieter LN 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2000,107(11):464-466
A serological study was done to establish the occurrence and determine the prevalence of two important respiratory tract pathogens, bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and bovine herpesvirus-4 (BHV-4), in cattle in Ethiopia. Prevalence rates for specific antibodies of 92.5% and 22.3% were recorded for BRSV and BHV-4, respectively. The presence of antibodies against these viruses in cattle from Ethiopia is recorded for the first time in this report. Our data suggests diseases caused by these viruses occur in Ethiopia but, perhaps because disease signs are not specific, they have not been recognized in the past. 相似文献
5.
A study of bovine cutaneous dermatophilosis was carried out on a total of 6530 animals under different management systems. Of the 6530 animals examined, 334 (5.1%) were found to be positive. A significantly (P > 0.01) higher breed susceptibility was found in Holstein-Friesian cattle (12.8%) than in the local zebu (4.8%). The prevalence of the disease on feed-lots, a ranch, traditional farms and urban dairy farms was 2.9%, 4.2%, 7.1% and 12.8% respectively. Management and breed differences were found to be very important risk factors associated with the disease. However, other factors, including ticks, were also found to be apparently associated with the disease, indicating a complex interplay of several factors in the pathogenesis of dermatophilosis. Possible measures to be taken into account in the control of the disease are suggested. 相似文献
6.
Tibbo M Mukasa-Mugerwa E Woldemeskel M Rege JE 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2003,165(3):276-287
A retrospective case-control study was conducted on 6718 sheep of two breeds (2772 Horro and 3946 Menz) on risk factors for mortality associated with respiratory disease (MARD) in Ethiopia, based on data collected between October 1993 and December 1997. Potential risk factors examined were breed, gender, age, month, and air temperatures.Fifty-four per cent of total deaths in the flock could be attributed to respiratory disease and the annual MARD rate ranged between 6.3 and 19.0%. There was significant breed (P<0.0001) and gender (P<0.0001) difference in MARD. The Horro breed had a higher (P<0.0001) annual MARD than the Menz breed (16.5+/-0.18 vs. 12.4+/-0.15%). A higher (P<0.0001) proportion of males suffered than females (15.1+/-0.23% vs. 13.8+/-0.13%). Age was also an important risk factor for MARD: there was a strong polynomial relationship (R(2)=0.91, P<0.0001) between MARD and age; the risk of being young if a sheep was a MARD case was high. MARD was high between October and March but relatively low between the months of April and September. There was a significant (P<0.05) negative cubic relationship (R(2)=0.49) between monthly MARD and monthly average minimum air temperatures. There was also a significant (P<0.01) positive exponential relationship (R(2)=0.61) between monthly MARD and average monthly daily deviation between maximum and minimum air temperatures.Timely health and management interventions focusing on these factors are necessary to alleviate losses from MARD. Understanding variations in MARD risk within a population can enhance early response to potential outbreaks, reducing losses. 相似文献
7.
Woldemeskel M Drommer W Wendt M 《Journal of veterinary medicine. A, Physiology, pathology, clinical medicine》2002,49(7):348-352
Tissues from ureter and renal pelvis of 18 sows naturally (n = 15) and experimentally (n = 3) infected with Actinobaculum suis (former Actinomyces, Eubacterium suis) were studied using light and scanning as well as transmission electron microscopy. The results were compared with the findings from 11 clinically healthy sows as controls. The lesions in both the ureter and renal pelvis of naturally and experimentally infected animals were similar. In severe cases there were necrotizing ureteritis and pyelitis with accumulation of bacterial colonies in some cases. Several superficial epithelial cells were found phagocytosing necrotic debris. In mild cases the main lesions included epithelial cell hyperplasia, desquamation of the superficial epithelial cells and goblet cell metaplasia with intraepithelial cyst formation. The goblet cells were found in the superficial as well as in the intermediate cell layers. Generally, it was observed that severe purulent ureteritis and pyelitis/ pyelonephritis in sows were to be expected only in mixed infection of A. suis with other bacteria. The findings were compared and discussed with the changes in the infected urinary bladder of sows and the alterations induced by urinary tract infection in man. 相似文献
8.
Tibbo M Jibril Y Woldemeskel M Dawo F Aragaw K Rege JE 《Tropical animal health and production》2008,40(8):657-666
Serum enzymes were studied in 163 apparently healthy goats from three indigenous goat breeds of Ethiopia. The effect of breed,
age, sex and season on alanine aminotransferase (ALT) / glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
/ glutamic oxalacetic transaminases (GOT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (AcP) levels was assessed. The
mean serum enzymes levels of the indigenous Arsi-Bale, Central Highland and Long-eared Somali goat breeds ranged from 14.0–20.2
iu L−1 for ALT/GPT, from 43.2–49.3 iu L−1 for AST/GOT, from 83.7–98.8 iu L−1 for ALP, and from 2.99–4.23 iu L−1 for AcP, were within the normal range for goats elsewhere. Breed had significant influence on AST/GOT values. Sex had significant
effect on ALT/GPT for Arsi-Bale goats with higher values in males than females. Age was significant on all serum enzymes studied
in the Arsi-Bale goats and on ALP in the Central Highland goats. Season had significant influence on all serum enzymes except
for ALT/GPT in the Arsi-Bale goats. The serum enzyme levels of these indigenous goat breeds can be used as normal reference
values for Ethiopian goat breeds adapted to similar agro-ecology and production system. 相似文献
9.
The histology and ultrastructure of the urothelium lining the ureter and renal pelvis in sows was examined using light microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The epithelium of both the ureter and the renal pelvis were similar and consisted of the basal, the intermediate and the superficial cells. The luminal surface of the superficial cells was characterized by microplicae. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the luminal membrane of these cells showed trilaminar asymmetric unit membrane. Tight junctions linked the lateral parts of the superficial cells, while the intermediate and the basal cells were connected to each other and the basal cells with the basal membrane through desmosomes and hemidesmosomes, respectively. Clusters of mitochondria were observed throughout the urothelium. Unlike that of the basal cells, the Golgi complex and the endoplasmic reticulum were well developed in the superficial and intermediate cells. Lysosomes and vesicles were observed only in the superficial and the intermediate cells. Fine cytoplasmic filaments, although very few in the basal cells, were observed throughout the epithelium. The results are compared and discussed with the findings reported on the urotherlium of other mammalian species and humans. 相似文献
10.