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The aim of this study was to reveal communal farmer’s knowledge, attitudes and practice on ticks and tick-borne diseases affecting cattle, tick control methods used and their knowledge on acaricide resistance. A total of 160 structured questionnaires are prepared and randomly administered to cattle farmers in Sinqu and Elundini communities in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Associations between the area, gender, age, employment, source of income, level of education and farming experience were statistically tested using Chi-square test. Gall sickness (63%) was the most prevailing tick-borne disease in cattle during the summer season (61%). About 59% of the farmers had no knowledge of the effect of tick-borne diseases on cattle production, and 78% of respondents reported that ticks are the major challenge to cattle farming. Pour-on (61%) was the most commonly used acaricidal treatment system with every fortnight (40%) treatment frequency during the summer season and (31%) during the winter season. Pyrethroids (73%) were the most used acaricide compounds to control ticks, and about 65% of respondents perceived to have no knowledge of the use of ethnoveterinary medicines used to control ticks. Inefficacy of acaricide (44%) and undipped animals (42%) were regarded as the major contributing factors to the increased tick population and acaricide resistance. About 85% of respondents perceived that they do not practice acaricide rotation and 88% of the respondents had no knowledge of the acaricide resistance. Within the context of this study, ticks and tick-associated diseases are perceived by these farmers as the most important disease problem their cattle face. Thus, knowledge regarding the epidemiology of ticks and tick-borne diseases is key to control strategies, and farmer training should be encouraged to achieve better control of ticks and the diseases they transmit.

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为了丰富玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)解毒菌种库,通过采集湖南省邵阳市等7个省市粮食样品,筛选获得1株能够高效降解ZEN的解淀粉芽孢杆菌NS2。采用高效液相色谱法检测降解前后ZEN的含量发现,液态发酵72 h,该菌对5 mg·L-1 ZEN标准品的降解率高达96.0%,固态发酵72 h,菌株对玉米粉中2.5 mg·L-1 ZEN标准品的降解率高达88.2%。采用高效液相色谱与四级杆飞行时间质谱联用技术检测该菌处理后的ZEN降解产物,未检测出具有毒性作用的α-玉米赤霉烯醇(α-ZOL)、β-玉米赤霉烯醇(β-ZOL)等ZEN的类似物。此外,抗菌活性试验与木聚糖酶、纤维素酶和蛋白酶活性试验显示降解菌NS2还能通过产生具有抗菌作用的次生代谢产物,抑制病原微生物大肠杆菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的生长。上述结果表明,解淀粉芽孢杆菌NS2可以高效降解ZEN,具有潜在应用前景,为ZEN解毒产品的开发与应用奠定了材料基础。  相似文献   
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