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Cognition is recognized as an essential component of the living strategies of organisms and the use of cognitive approaches
based on an organismic-centered-view is discussed as a strategy to aid the advancement of landscape ecology to a more independent
scientific discipline. The incorporation of the theory of information, the theory of meaning and the Umwelt, and the biosemiotic models into the landscape ecology framework is described as the necessary step to create a common paradigmatic
background and operational tools to develop basis for a cognitive landscape ecology. Three cognitive landscapes (neutrality-based
landscape, individual-based landscape and observer-based landscape) have been described as the result of distinctive mechanisms
to extract information from a cognitive matrix based on a growing literature of (bio)semiotic exchange. The eco-field hypothesis
is presented as a new possibility to describe landscape processes according to an organismic-centered-view. The eco-field
is defined as a spatial configuration carrier of a specific meaning perceived when a specific living function is activated.
A species-specific cognitive landscape is composed of all the spatial configurations involved for all the living functions
for a particular organism. Eco-field hypothesis offers a detailed vision of (habitat) environmental requirements and creates
a novel conceptual bridge between niche, habitat, Umwelt and the methodological approaches of spatial ecology. Finally the eco-field hypothesis promises a new testing ground for
experimental investigations in landscape ecology and in related disciplines including environmental psychology, cognitive
ethology, cultural ecology, landscape aesthetics, design and planning. 相似文献
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Landscape structure and breeding bird distribution in a sub-Mediterranean agro-ecosystem 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Richness, abundance and distribution of birds were investigated in the Aulella watershed,a mountainous area of 300 km2, located in the extreme northwestern corner of Tuscany, Italy in spring and summer, 1995. The study area encompasses five
vegetation types (from Mediterranean maqui to upland beech forest) and three main land use categories (woodlands, mixed cultivated
+ urban areas, montane prairies). The recent history of land abandonment in the study area has produced a rapid expansion
of shrubland and woodland, reducing cultivated areas to small patches interspersed in a woodland matrix. Richness, abundance
and distribution of birds recorded at 414 points, randomly selected along secondary roads, and located using a Global Positioning
System (GPS), were compared with topography, vegetation type and land use in a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with a
grid cell resolution of 200 × 200 m.
Bird richness (55 species in all) and abundance are correlated: (a) negatively with the increasing altitude and increasing
distance from cultivated areas; (b) positively with the increasing distance from woodlands and mountain prairies. Slope orientation
appears to have a negligible effect on bird assemblages.
Bird richness and abundance are significantly correlated with vegetation type. Cultivated areas support the highest bird richness
and abundance that increase with patch size of the cultivated areas. Local extinction and/or reduction in within-species abundance
of birds are expected to continue if the process of land abandonment continues.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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A revival in the concept of sustainability is appreciated as Earth’s human population continues to increase and its related
global concerns in disease ecology, energy resource management, environmental literacy, food production, genetic diversity,
and landscape vitality continue to magnify. Sustain is defined within this paper as to keep in existence or to supply with resources or necessities to prevent from falling below
a given threshold of health or vitality. Barrett et al. (Bioscience 47:531–535, 1997) illustrated how seven (7) processes (behaviour, development, diversity, energetics, evolution, integration, regulation)
transcend eleven (11) levels of ecological organization, ranging from the ecosphere to the cellular. Comprehension of how
these processes transcend all levels of ecological organization allow programs and initiatives (e.g. preserving biotic diversity)
to be defined by informed incentive, rather than regulatory mandate, within societal systems. We describe how the integration
of an eighth transcending process—aesthetics—is essential in the approach to and managing of market and nonmarket capital
necessary in sustaining societies. 相似文献
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The effective regulation of T cell responses is dependent on opposing signals transmitted through two related cell-surface receptors, CD28 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4). Dimerization of CTLA-4 is required for the formation of high-avidity complexes with B7 ligands and for transmission of signals that attenuate T cell activation. We determined the crystal structure of the extracellular portion of CTLA-4 to 2.0 angstrom resolution. CTLA-4 belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and displays a strand topology similar to Valpha domains, with an unusual mode of dimerization that places the B7 binding sites distal to the dimerization interface. This organization allows each CTLA-4 dimer to bind two bivalent B7 molecules and suggests that a periodic arrangement of these components within the immunological synapse may contribute to the regulation of T cell responsiveness. 相似文献
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Positioning aesthetic landscape as economy 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Flexibility is required in modern times to comprehend vast and fluctuating levelscapes of information. The ability to observe, simulate, and assimilate situations and circumstances from different points of reference and view is paramount for survival. This ability as preamble to consequence in landscape is valid, and provides an impetus for expanding landscape ecology from its traditional realm of definitive terrafirma to an assimilation of terraform (i.e. the process that alters an environment capable of supporting life forms). The traditional human-nature duplexity, regarding landscape ecology, is simulated with real and virtual fields in a noöspheric configuration. The involvement of culture (i.e. by consensus of value) and history (i.e. by sequencing relevancy) is a contributing determinant of “real” (landscaper) and “virtual” (landscapev) fields of existence and extinction. Within this noöspheric network unique observations of landscape ecology are possible (e.g. eco-field). Suggested in the noöspheric network, aesthetics is an efficiency relevant to life-support systems exemplified by value that precludes aestheticism (i.e. typically limited to a dichotomy of beautiful and ugly). Aesthetics viewed as a transcending process through levels of ecological organization and as a transcending property of transcending processes becomes understood as economy (energetic efficiency) capable of supporting nonmarket and market units of valuation. The consequence of these units of valuation articulates as subjects or objects of criticism within an aesthetic set point model, which measures individual or societal tolerance. 相似文献
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Bryan C. Pijanowski Almo Farina Stuart H. Gage Sarah L. Dumyahn Bernie L. Krause 《Landscape Ecology》2011,26(9):1213-1232
We summarize the foundational elements of a new area of research we call soundscape ecology. The study of sound in landscapes
is based on an understanding of how sound, from various sources—biological, geophysical and anthropogenic—can be used to understand
coupled natural-human dynamics across different spatial and temporal scales. Useful terms, such as soundscapes, biophony,
geophony and anthrophony, are introduced and defined. The intellectual foundations of soundscape ecology are described—those
of spatial ecology, bioacoustics, urban environmental acoustics and acoustic ecology. We argue that soundscape ecology differs
from the humanities driven focus of acoustic ecology although soundscape ecology will likely need its rich vocabulary and
conservation ethic. An integrative framework is presented that describes how climate, land transformations, biodiversity patterns,
timing of life history events and human activities create the dynamic soundscape. We also summarize what is currently known
about factors that control temporal soundscape dynamics and variability across spatial gradients. Several different phonic
interactions (e.g., how anthrophony affects biophony) are also described. Soundscape ecology tools that will be needed are
also discussed along with the several ways in which soundscapes need to be managed. This summary article helps frame the other
more application-oriented papers that appear in this special issue. 相似文献
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Almo Farina Emanuele Lattanzi Rachele Malavasi Nadia Pieretti Luigi Piccioli 《Landscape Ecology》2011,26(9):1257-1267
The soundscape is proposed as a phenomenological entity with which to investigate environmental complexity. In particular, the avian soundtope, which is defined as a place in which sound is intentionally structured by different bird species, is regarded as an agency acting to achieve several goals. In fact, the soundtope could be viewed as a special case of an eco-field used by birds, not only to establish territorial ownership and patrol an area but also as a means of locating and evaluating the availability of many other material and immaterial resources. The meaning of the multifaceted acoustic pattern produced by bird communities during the breeding season is discussed here under the acoustic niche hypothesis in terms of community coalescence and the permanent establishment of an inter-specific communication network. Furthermore, the spatial and temporal dimensions of a bird soundscape have also been analyzed and discussed in terms of their relationship with environmental proxies. A new Acoustic Complexity Index (ACI), coupled with the implementation (ACI plug-in) of a specific sound editor (WaveSurfer©), is proposed as a way of processing sound data efficiently, thus providing new opportunities to use the bird soundscape signature for landscape characterization and describing the ecological dynamics of long-term monitoring schemes. 相似文献
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