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Three flavonol glycosides were isolated and identified from the commercial dark red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar Montcalm. In order of highest to lowest concentration these compounds were 3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavonol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (2-->1) O-beta-D-xylopyranoside (compound 1), quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (compound 2), and kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (compound 3). Compound 1 is a flavonol glycoside that has not been reported before in P. vulgaris L. These three flavonol glycosides were yellow compounds that do not contribute to the garnet red color of Montcalm seed coats. Red-colored compounds which tested positive for proanthocyanidins are most likely responsible for the red seed coat color of Montcalm. Previous work on the chemistry of the compounds produced from the multi-allelic seed coat gene series C-C(r)()-c(u) indicated that neither anthocyanins nor flavonol glycosides were detected from seed coat extracts in the presence of the c(u)() locus. However, the seed coat color genotype of Montcalm is c(u) J g B v rk(d) and three flavonol glycosides were found. Technological advances such as modern HPLC analysis of seed coat extracts may allow for detection of small amounts of compounds which previously could not be seen using paper chromatography. Alternatively, the change of the Rk allele to rk(d) may allow for the synthesis of flavonol glycosides in the presence of c(u). 相似文献
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Beninger CW Gu L Prior RL Junk DC Vandenberg A Bett KE 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(20):7777-7782
Proanthocyanidins and flavonoids were isolated and identified from seed coats of two aged and nonaged pinto bean lines: 1533-15 and CDC Pintium. The seed coat of 1533-15 darkens slowly and never darkens to the same extent as CDC Pintium. Analysis of the overall level of proanthocyanidins using a vanillin assay demonstrated that aged and nonaged seed coats of CDC Pintium had significantly higher levels of proanthocyanidins than aged and nonaged 1533-15 seed coats. Aged and nonaged seed coats of both lines were found to contain one main flavonol monomer, kaempferol, and three minor flavonols, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-glucosylxylose, and kaempferol 3-O-acetylglucoside. These compounds were identified by NMR and ESI-MS analysis (except for kaempferol 3-O-acetylglucoside, which was tentatively identified only by ESI-MS analysis) and quantified using HPLC-DAD. The combined concentrations of all the kaempferol compounds in seed coats of CDC Pintium were significantly higher than in seed coats of 1533-15, and the combined contents did not change after aging. The content of kaempferol decreased nearly by half in the seed coats of CDC Pintium after aging, whereas no significant change was observed in the seed coats of 1533-15. Proanthocyanidin fractions from both lines, aged and nonaged, were subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis and found to be composed primarily of procyanidins. Procyanidins in the seed coats were predominantly polymers with the degree of polymers higher than 10. The proportion of these polymers decreased after aging, while that of the low-molecular-weight procyanidins increased. A catechin-kaempferol adduct was tentatively identified in both lines by LC-MS/MS, and the concentration increased in the seed coats after aging. 相似文献
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The physiological condition indices most commonly used in bivalve aquaculture are reviewed and evaluated. Two general categories of indices may be distinguished: static and dynamic. Of the static indices reviewed, only one is recommended for use in the culture of early developmental stages — the dry ash weight: total dry weight ratio. In the case of juveniles and adults, the easily-measured dry tissue weight: dry shell weight is recommended for most routine work.The dynamic indices reviewed are based on production estimates, and hence reflect physiological changes over specified time intervals. Of these indices, only net growth efficiency is recommended for use in bivalve aquaculture, and it is applicable to all life stages. While this index gives the most information about the physiological state of the animals comprising a population, it is very difficult to evaluate and is thus most appropriate as a research tool. 相似文献
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Twelve different seed coat color genotypes of Phaseolus vulgaris L. were extracted and pure flavonoids isolated from 10 of these. The seed coat methanol extracts, tannin fractions, and pure flavonoids all displayed antioxidant activity in a fluorescence-based liposome assay. The relatively high activity of the condensed tannin (proanthocyanidin) fractions indicates that these may play an important role in the overall activity of the extracts. This activity also indicates that although these polyphenols cause problems in digestibility, they may be important dietary supplements with beneficial health effects. The pure anthocyanins delphinidin 3-O-glucoside (1), petunidin 3-O-glucoside (2), and malvidin 3-O-glucoside (3) and the flavonol quercetin 3-O-glucoside (4) isolated from seed coats also had significantly higher antioxidant activity than the Fe(2+) control. The activity of kaempferol 3-O-glucoside (5) was not different from that of the Fe(2+) control. These findings suggest that variously colored dry beans may be an important source of dietary antioxidants. 相似文献
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Eveillard-Buchoux Marie Beninger Peter Gerard Chadenas Céline Sellier Dominique 《Landscape Ecology》2019,34(10):2295-2306
Context
Landscape geodiversity, and in particular small natural features (SNF), are crucial components of habitat suitability for many threatened species. Rocky cliffs at the sea-continent interface present complex small-scale geomorphologies which are exploited by nesting seabirds.
ObjectivesElucidation of the relation between nest-site geomorphology and species preference in cliff-nesting seabirds. Evaluation of the potential of cliff-face SNF as seabird conservation tools.
MethodsNest site geomorphological characteristics of four Atlantic (Brittany, France) cliff-dwelling seabirds (Razorbill, Guillemot, Fulmar, and Kittiwake) were categorized, and scored for degree of enclosure.
ResultsOf the 1048 nest sites examined, the greatest species overlap in location was the mid-region of the cliff face: Fulmar was concentrated in the upper half of the cliff, while Kittiwake showed the most extended vertical distribution. A distinct trend was evident with respect to ceiling presence and size: Razorbill?+?Kittiwake?>?Guillemot?>?Fulmar. Clear trends were also evident in ceiling inclination, ledge size, and side wall presence and inclination. A distinct ‘degree of enclosure’ hierarchy was documented, consolidated with the addition of sympatric species known for their extreme preferences: Atlantic Gannets and Guillemots at the extreme ‘open’ end, and Puffins and Storm Petrels at the extreme ‘closed’ end. Some plasticity in site choice was observed, probably corresponding to sub-optimal default choices.
ConclusionsDespite some plasticity, both vertical level and enclosure characteristics are associated with particular seabird species. Given the importance of nesting sites to seabird reproduction, the identification and conservation of these SNF constitute crucial conservation objectives.
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Aquaculture International - Estimation of realized fecundity (Freal, number of viable oocytes produced) is an essential, yet seldom-achieved element in the understanding of marine animal production... 相似文献
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T. Nathaniel Owen-Going Clifford W. Beninger J. Christopher Hall John C. Sutton 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2012,132(3):341-352
The type and concentration of phenolics found in the cytosol (free), cell wall (bound), and nutrient solution of hydroponic
pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) inoculated with Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. were compared with non-inoculated controls. The quantities and types of free phenolics found in the roots
and nutrient solution were greater in inoculated than in control plants. With regard to bound phenolics, while there was no
difference between the types of phenolics in inoculated and control roots, quantities were greater in inoculated roots. High
Pressure Liquid Chromatography analyses revealed two compounds in root extracts, and one in nutrient solution extracts that
were contributors to root discolouration caused by Pythium aphanidermatum colonization. The compounds were subsequently isolated and identified as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic
acid (vanillic acid) by their High Pressure Liquid Chromatography retention times, UV signature and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
spectroscopic comparisons with pure standards. Addition of various concentrations of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid or vanillic acid
to the nutrient solution predisposed healthy plants to infection by zoospores of Pythium aphanidermatum when compared to plants treated with only Pythium aphanidermatum. 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and vanillic acid had little or no effect on colony growth of Pythium aphanidermatum in vitro, but respectively increased and decreased numbers of sporangia produced. These results are the first demonstration
of host predisposition to infection by Pythium aphanidermatum caused by phenolic compounds that accumulate in inoculated roots and leach into the nutrient system of hydroponic systems. 相似文献
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