Potential and promisingness of technical options for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from rice cultivation in Southeast Asian countries     

Kazuyuki Yagi  Patikorn Sriphirom  Nittaya Cha-un  Kanlayanee Fusuwankaya  Amnat Chidthaisong  Beau Damen 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2020,66(1):37-49

ABSTRACT

Paddy fields are considered as one of the most important sources of anthropogenic methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions. While several technical options have been proposed to reduce these emissions, gaps in data and information based on application of these options in the field are a key barrier to scaling-up. To address these gaps, we conducted a review of literature to analyze the potential of technical options in Southeast Asia (SEA). Using screening criteria based on reliability of experimental data, 31 region-specific cases were selected for the analysis. A meta-analysis indicated that water management options, including single and multiple drainage approaches such as alternative wetting and drying (AWD), significantly reduced CH₄ emissions by 35% as a mean effect size (95% confidential interval: 41–29%), as well as the combined effects of CH₄+N₂O (net GWP) by 29% (36–23%). The effect on reducing CH₄ emissions in the dry season was significantly larger than that in the wet season. Application of biochar reduced both CH₄ and N₂O emissions by 20% (40% to ?7%), while significantly increased rice yield by 28% (8–52%). Other options such as removal of rice straw from the previous crop, composting rice straw and manure, application of sulfate-containing fertilizer, and soil drying in the fallow season also have recognized potential to reduce emissions but require further data and consideration of possible trade-offs. Based on the analysis of mitigation potential, promising technical options were assessed by considering together with constraints and additional co-benefits in order to provide a useful guide for policy makers and rice value chain operators in SEA countries for adopting mitigation options in rice cultivation to tackle climate change and enhance agriculture sector sustainability.  相似文献   

Changes in antioxidants and fruit quality in hot water-treated ‘Hom Thong’ banana fruit during storage     

Nittaya Ummarat  Tracie K. Matsumoto  Marisa M. Wall  Kanogwan Seraypheap 《Scientia Horticulturae》2011

The effects of hot water treatment on antioxidants and fruit quality were investigated in banana fruit of cv. Gros Michel (Musa acuminata, AAA Group, locally called cv. Hom Thong) by immersing fruits in hot water (50 °C) for 10 min, before storage at 25 °C for 10 days or 14 °C for the first 8 days followed by storage at 25 °C for the second 8 days until ripening. Quality parameters including peel color and pulp firmness indicated that hot water treatment helped to delay banana fruit ripening at both storage conditions. Hot water treatment decreased the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malonydialdehyde (MDA) during storage at 25 °C. Glutathione (GSH and GSSG) contents and the ratio of GSH/GSSG during fruit approaching ripening were significantly induced in hot water-treated fruits while ascorbic acid (AA) contents were slightly increased. In addition, the combined treatment increased free phenolics and flavonoids during storage. Results suggest that hot water treatment has led to an induction of antioxidants in banana fruits as indicated by an increase of antioxidants and a decrease of H₂O₂ during ripening, and all of which result in a delayed ripening of banana fruit.  相似文献   

Surveys of rodent‐borne disease in Thailand with a focus on scrub typhus assessment     

Kriangkrai Lerdthusnee  Joseph Nigro  Taweesak Monkanna  Warisa Leepitakrat  Surachai Leepitakrat  Sucheera Insuan  Weerayut Charoensongsermkit  Nittaya Khlaimanee  Wilasinee Akkagraisee  Kwanta Chayapum  James W. Jones 《Integrative zoology》2008,3(4):267-273

The epidemiology of many rodent‐borne diseases in South‐East Asia remains ill‐defined. Scrub typhus and lep‐tospirosis are common and medically significant, while other zoonotic diseases, such as spotted fever group Rickettsiae have been identified, but their overall medical significance is unknown. Rodent surveillance was conducted from June 2002 to July 2004 in 18 provinces from Thailand. Traps were set up for one to three nights. Blood and serum samples and animal tissue samples (liver, spleen, kidney and urinary bladder) were collected. Chiggermites, ticks and fleas were removed from captured rodents. A total of 4536 wild‐caught rodents from 27 species were captured over two years of animal trapping. Rattus rattus was the dominant species, followed by Rattus exulans and Bandicota indica. Almost 43 000 ectoparasites were removed from the captured animals. Approximately 98% of the ectoparasites were chigger‐mites, of which 46% belonged to the genus Leptotrombidium (scrub typhus vector). Other genera included Schoengastia and Blankaartia. Tick and flea specimens together comprised less than 1% of the sample. Among the five species of ticks collected, Haemaphysalis bandicota was the predominant species caught, followed by Ixodes granulatus other Haemaphysalis spp., Rhipicephalus spp. and Dermacentor spp. Only two species of fleas were collected and Xenopsylla cheopis (rat flea) was the predominant species. Using both commercial diagnostic kits and in‐house molecular assays, animal tissue samples were examined and screened for zoonotic diseases. Seven zoonotic diseases were detected: scrub typhus, leptospirosis, murine typhus, tick typhus, bartonella, babesiosis and trypanosomiasis. Most samples were positive for scrub typhus. Other zoonotic diseases still under investigation include borrelosis, ehrlichiosis, the plague, and other rickettsial diseases. Using geographic information systems, global positioning systems and remote sensing technology, epidemiological and environmental data were combined to assess the relative risk in different biotopes within highly endemic areas of scrub typhus in Thailand.  相似文献