Correction to: Predation on glass eels of Japanese eel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anguilla japonica</Emphasis> in the Tone River Estuary,Japan     

Yoichi Miyake  Aigo Takeshige  Hikaru Itakura  Hajime Itoh  Hiroaki Onda  Akira Yamaguchi  Akihito Yoneta  Kohma Arai  Yulina V. Hane  Shingo Kimura 《Fisheries Science》2018,84(6):1015-1016

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Alessandro Bonanno and Lawrence Busch (eds): Handbook of the international political economy of agriculture and food     

Marie Louise Ryan 《Agriculture and Human Values》2018,35(3):731-732

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Heat resistance,biology and prevention of Diehliomyces microsporus in crops of Agaricus species     

Annemarie Van Zaayen  Bernarda Van Der Pol-Luiten 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1977,83(6):221-240

Soon after its introduction the mushroom speciesAgaricus bitorquis, which is immune to virus disease and prefers a warm climate, was threatened by the competitorDiehliomyces microsporus, false truffle. This fungus also likes warmth, and used to occur in crops ofA. bisporus.Mycelium and ascocarps were grown on several nutrient media. Optimum temperatures for mycelial growth were 26°C and 32°C, with a slight depression at 30°C. In trials in isolated growingrooms strain Somycel 2.017 ofA. bitorquis was generally used since it appeared to be highly sensitive to the competition of false truffle. Inoculation with mycelium, ascocarps or ascospores ofD. microsporus nearly always resulted in the presence of the competitor and in decreased mushroom yields. Even ten spores per m² causedD. microsporus. The time of inoculation was most important: irrespective of the kind of inoculum, inoculation only resulted in both false truffle and yeild loss, if applied from spawning until a few days after casing. Inoculation at a later date could result in false truffle, but yield was not decreased.As germination in vitro of ascospores failed, even after addition of various triggers, ascospore suspensions were treated at various temperatures for several periods. Then mushroom growing trays spawned with Somycel 2.017 were inoculated with the treated suspensions giving 7–11×10⁷ spores/m². The ascospores could not withstand 85°C for 0.5 h, 80°C for 1 h and 70°C for 3 h. Spontaneous incidence of false truffle, however, could not always be prevented and interfered with the results of these trials. It is possible that the thermal death-point of the ascospores is below 85°C. Fruiting bodies and ascospores did not survive peak-heating at the beginning and cooking out (compost temperature 12 h at 70°C) at the end of a crop. After cooking out, however,D. microsporus could still be present in the wood of trays and contaminate a following crop if no wood preservative was applied.Yield of Somycel 2.017 was reduced by the competition ofD. microsporus much more than yeilds of other strains ofA. bitorquis. The least sensitive were the highly productive strains Horst K26 and Horst K32.The effects of fungicides onD. microsporus in vitro and in growing trials did not correspond. The fungicides tested so far could not prevent or controlD. microsporus. Growing of less sensitive strains ofA. bitorquis together with sanitary measures early in the crop and at the end of the crop, however, can prevent the competitor. failure to turn up of false truffle. To understand the discrepancy between the in vitro effects of several fungicides and their effect in inoculated mushroom trays, the rate of adsorption of benomyl in the substrate and probably the interrelationships between antagonists andD. microsporus require further research. Other strains ofA. bitorquis than Somycel 2.017 appeared to be less sensitive to the competition. Among these, highly productive strains Horst K26 and Horst K32 will not be hindered byD. microsporus if the following precautions are exercised: cooking out at the end of a crop (compost temperature 70°C for 12 hours), followed by treatment of the wood with SPCP; protection by hygiene early in the crop, i.e. covering of the compost by a thin plastic sheet during mycelial growth followed by a quick execution of casing.Samenvatting De teelt van de warmteminnende champignonsoortAgaricus bitorquis, die immuun is voor virusziekte, werd al spoedig na introductie bedreigd door de eveneens warmteminnende concurrentDiehliomyces microsporus, valse truffel. Deze schimmel kwam vroeger voor in teelten vanA. bisporus; de sporen zouden een temperatuur van 82°C gedurende 5 uur kunnen overleven (Lambert, 1932). Tabel 1 geeft de myceliumgroei op verschillende voedingsbodems en de vorming van vruchtlichamen (Fig. 1A, B) weer. De optimale temperaturen voor myceliumgroei waren 26°C en 32°C, met een licht depressie bij 30°C (Fig. 2). Proeven in geïsoleerde teeltruimten werden voornamelijk uitgevoerd met Somycel 2.017, een ras vanA. bitorquis. Inoculatie met mycelium, vruchtlichamen en/of ascosporen vanD. microsporus, al of niet in reincultuur gekweekt, leidde vrijwel steeds tot de aanwezigheid van de concurrent in de geïnoculeerde teeltkisten (Fig. 1C, D), waarbij vruchtlichamen met ascosporen (Fig. 1E) gevormd werden en tot een reductie van het aantal champignons. Tien sporen per m² waren al voldoende omD. microsporus te doen aanslaan (Fig. 3). Het tijdstip van inoculatie bleek van groot belang te zijn: onafhankelijk van de aard van het inoculum leverde dit slechts zowel valse truffel als oogstreductie op, indien het werd aangebracht in de periode vanaf enten tot enkele dagen na het afdekken (Tabel 2 en Fig. 4). Inoculatie op latere tijdstippen kon wel tot valse truffel leiden, maar niet tot oogstreductie.Aangezien de kieming van ascosporen in vitro slechte resultaten opleverede, ook na toevoeging van diverse stimulantia, werden ascosporensuspensies in vitro gedurende verschillende tijden bij verschillende temperaturen behandeld; vervolgens werden teeltkisten met de behandelde suspensies geïnoculeerd (7 tot 11×10⁷ sporen/m²). De kisten waren tevoren geënt met Somycel 2.017. Een aantal proeven wees uit, dat de ascosporen 1/2 uur 85°C, 1 uur 80°C en 3 uur 70°C, niet overleefden (Tabel 3). Het spontaan optreden van valse truffel kon echter niet altijd worden voorkomen en beïnvloedde de uitkomsten van deze proeven. Daarom is het mogelijk, dat de sporen al bij een lagere temperatuur worden gedood Vruchtlichamen en ascosporen werden gedood door het uitzweten aan het begin van een teelt en door het doodstomen aan het einde van een teelt (composttemperatuur 12 uur 70°C) maar de schimmel bleek in het laatste geval wel over te kunnen blijven in het hout van teeltkisten als er vervolgens geen houtontsmettingsmiddel werd toegepast.Somycel 2.017 leed verhoudingsgewijs meer schade door concurrentie vanD. microsporus dan enkele andere rassen (Tabel 4 en. 5). Inoculatie met ascosporen bleek bij de minst gevoelige en meest produktieve rassen Horst K26 en Horst K32 slechts te gelukken in extreem droge compost; bij Somycel 2.017 daarentegen zowel in compost met een laag als met een hoog vochtgehalte. Inoculatie met mycelium veroorzaakte meer valse truffel en meer schade naarmate de compost natter was (Tabel 5).De werking van een aantal fungiciden in vitro (Tabel 6) en in teeltkisten (Tabel 7) stemde niet overeen. Aangezien de tot nu toe getoetste fungicidenD. microsporus niet kunnen voorkomen of bestrijden, moet preventie van deze concurrent worden gezocht in het telen van weinig gevoelige rassen vanA. bitorquis in combinatie met hygiënische maatregelen vroeg in en aan het eind van de teelt.  相似文献   

‘Plantibodies’: a flexible approach to design resistance against pathogens     

A. Schots  J. De Boer  A. Schouten  J. Roosien  J. F. Zil Verentant  H. Pomp  L. Bouwman-Smits  H. Overmars  F. J. Gommers  B. Visser  W. J. Stiekema  J. Bakker 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1992,98(2):183-191

Engineering resistance against various diseases and pests is hampered by the lack of suitable genes. To overcome this problem we started a research program aimed at obtaining resistance by transfecting plants with genes encoding monoclonal antibodies against pathogen specific proteins. The idea is that monoclonal antibodies will inhibit the biological activity of molecules that are essential for the pathogenesis. Potato cyst nematodes are chosen as a model and it is thought that monoclonal antibodies are able to block the function of the saliva proteins of this parasite. These proteins are, among others, responsible for the induction of multinucleate transfer cells upon which the nematode feeds. It is well documented that the ability of antibodies to bind molecules is sufficient to inactivate the function of an antigen and in view of the potential of animals to synthesize antibodies to almost any molecular structure, this strategy should be feasible for a wide range of diseases and pests.Antibodies have several desirable features with regard to protein engineering. The antibody (IgG) is a Y-shaped molecule, in which the domains forming the tips of the arms bind to antigen and those forming the stem are responsible for triggering effector functions (Fc fragments) that eliminate the antigen from the animal. Domains carrying the antigen-binding loops (Fv and Fab fragments) can be used separately from the Fc fragments without loss of affinity. The antigen-binding domains can also be endowed with new properties by fusing them to toxins or enzymes. Antibody engineering is also facilitated by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). A systematic comparison of the nucleotide sequence of more than 100 antibodies revealed that not only the 3′-ends, but also the 5′-ends of the antibody genes are relatively conserved. We were able to design a small set of primers with restriction sites for forced cloning, which allowed the amplification of genes encoding antibodies specific for the saliva proteins ofGlobodera rostochiensis. Complete heavy and light chain genes as well as single chain Fv fragments (scFv), in which the variable parts of the light (V_L) and heavy chain (V_H) are linked by a peptide, will be transferred to potato plants. A major challenge will be to establish a correct expression of the antibody genes with regard to three dimensional folding, assembly and intracellular location.  相似文献   

Characteristics for Practical Use of Attenuated Isolate UA-Fukushima of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tomato mosaic virus</Emphasis>     

Tsutomu MATSUMOTO  Yuichiro NARA  Hiromitsu FURUYA  Harumi TAKAHASHI  Kiichi TAIRAKO  Hideki YAMAMOTO 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2002,68(4):382-384

L₁₁A-Fukushima (L₁₁A-F) derived from attenuated isolate LuA of Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) has the highest ability to cross protect against virulent ToMV among LuA and its derivatives and is stably inherited. Growth, yield, fruit quality and symptom attenuation of inoculated tomato plants did not differ significantly between L₁₁A-F and L₁₁A. The infectivity of progeny viruses in tomato infected with LuA-F was less than 4% of that with virulent ToMV. From these results, L₁₁A-F appears to possess the properties necessary for practical use. To manage L₁₁A-F strictly, a PCR-based assay to detect trace contamination of virulent ToMV in L₁₁A-F preparations was established. Received 10 June 2002/ Accepted in revised form 30 October 2002  相似文献   

Effects of Latent Infection of Stock Plants and Abundance of Thrips on the Occurrence of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tomato spotted wilt virus </Emphasis>in Chrysanthemum Fields     

Shohei MATSUURA  Shigeru HOSHINO  Hideaki HAYASHI  Tetsuyuki KOHGUCHI  Kyoji HAGIWARA  Toshihiro OMURA 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2002,68(1):99-102

DAS-ELISA proved to be reliable enough to detect a latent infection by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in asymptomatic stock plants of chrysanthemum. A high density of Frankliniella occidentalis, the predominant vector, in the presence of latently infected stock plants resulted in a high incidence of disease in the chrysanthemum production field. The incidence of disease was low when the vector thrips were not abundant in spite of the presence of latently infected stock plants. These results suggest that an infestation of the vector thrips causes severe secondary spread of TSWV originating from latently infected stock plants in chrysanthemum production fields. Received 27 July 2001/ Accepted in revised form 27 November 2001  相似文献   

Distribution of citrus viroids and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apple stem grooving virus</Emphasis> on citrus trees in Japan using multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction     

Takao Ito  Nobuyuki Namba  Tsutae Ito 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2003,69(3):205-207

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Indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aciculosporium take</Emphasis>, a causal agent of witches' broom of bamboo     

Eiji Tanaka  Chihiro Tanaka  Atsushi Ishihara  Yasumasa Kuwahara  Mitsuya Tsuda 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2003,69(1):1-6

 Aciculosporium take (Ascomycota; Clavicipitaceae) is a causal agent of witches' broom of bamboo plants. The symptoms of this disease are believed to be induced by plant hormones, particularly auxins. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was identified in cultures of this fungus in an l-tryptophan-supplemented liquid medium. IAA production was confirmed on 30 isolates of A. take from various hosts and locations at levels up to 1 mg/l. The biosynthetic pathway of IAA in A. take culture was examined by analyzing intermediate products and by feeding experiments. The results showed that the indole-3-pyruvic acid pathway (l-tryptophan → indole-3-pyruvic acid → indole acetaldehyde → IAA) was the dominant pathway in A. take. Received: June 3, 2002 / Accepted: July 25, 2002  相似文献   

Inconspicuous restraint of rice seedling growth by root-infecting fungi in soil of a rice paddy field     

Hiromitsu Furuya  Tsutomu Matsumoto  Shin-ichi Fuji  Hideki Naito 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2003,69(2):115-119

 Rice seedling growth, estimated by plant height and root development and discoloration, was better in pasteurized soil than in unpasteurized soil obtained from a flooded rice field. Rice seedlings also grew better in sterilized soil modified by adding roots harvested from the pasteurized soil than in soil modified by adding roots harvested from the unpasteurized soil. The results demonstrate that seedling growth in the rice field soil was inhibited by soil microorganisms, even though no typical symptoms such as seedling blight or damping-off appeared. Pythium aristosporum is suggested to be involved in the inhibition. Thus, it appears that inconspicuous restraint of rice seedling growth could occur in soils of rice paddy fields. Received: May 20, 2002 / Accepted: October 16, 2002 Acknowledgments The authors thank Dr. T. Ichitani, former professor at Osaka Prefectural University, for providing an isolate of Pythium aristosporum for comparison, and Mr. Mitsuaki Sato of Akita Prefectural College of Agriculture for technical assistance.  相似文献   

Functional heterogeneity in resources within landscapes and herbivore population dynamics     

Norman Owen-Smith 《Landscape Ecology》2004,19(7):761-771

Large mammalian herbivores are notorious for their propensity towards population irruptions and crashes, yet many herbivore populations remain relatively stable. I explore how resource heterogeneity within landscapes dampens population instability, using a metaphysiological modelling approach considering patch state distributions. Resource heterogeneity is functionally stabilizing through spreading consumption away from preferred resources before these become critically depleted. Lower-quality resources act as a buffer against starvation during critical periods of the seasonal cycle. Enriching resource quality is destabilizing, even if patch diversity is maintained, because food quantity then becomes the limitation. The potential consequences of landscape fragmentation are explored using the Serengeti ecosystem, characterised by broadscale resource gradients, as a hypothetical example. Further insights provided by the model are illustrated with specific examples concerning the effects of patch scales and waterpoint distribution. A metaphysiological modelling approach enables the basic consequences of landscape heterogeneity to be distinguished from further effects that may arise from specific patch scales and configurations, without the distracting detail of spatially explicit models.  相似文献