Effect of conservation agriculture on soil organic and inorganic carbon sequestration and lability: A study from a rice–wheat cropping system on a calcareous soil of the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains     

Abir Dey  Brahma Swaroop Dwivedi  Ranjan Bhattacharyya  Siba Prasad Datta  Mahesh Chand Meena  Raj K. Jat  Raj Kumar Gupta  Mangi Lal Jat  Vinod Kumar Singh  Debarup Das  Ravi G. Singh 《Soil Use and Management》2020,36(3):429-438

Increasing soil carbon (C) in arable soils is an important strategy to achieve sustainable yields and mitigate climate change. We investigated changes in soil organic and inorganic carbon (SOC and SIC) under conservation agriculture (CA) in a calcareous soil of the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. The treatments were as follows: conventional-till rice and wheat (CT-CT), CT rice and zero-till wheat (CT-ZT), ZT direct seeded rice (DSR) and CT wheat (ZT-CT), ZTDSR and ZT wheat without crop residue retention (ZT-ZT), ZT-ZT with residue (ZT-ZT+R), and DSR and wheat both on permanent beds with residue (PB-PB+R). The ZT-ZT+R had the highest total SOC in both 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil layers (20% and 40% higher (p < .05) than CT-CT, respectively), whereas total SIC decreased by 11% and 15% in the respective layers under ZT-ZT+R compared with CT-CT. Non-labile SOC was the largest pool, followed by very labile, labile and less labile SOC. The benefits of ZT and residue retention were greatest for very labile SOC, which showed a significant (p < .05) increase (~50%) under ZT-ZT+R compared with CT-CT. The ZT-ZT+R sequestered ~2 Mg ha⁻¹ total SOC in the 0–15 cm soil layer in 6 years, where CT registered significant losses. Thus, the adoption of CA should be recommended in calcareous soils, for C sequestration, and also as a reclamation technique.  相似文献   

Genetic and non-genetic factors affecting germination and vitality in spring barley seed     

O. Chloupek    J. Ehrenbergerová    R. &#;EV&#;IK  P. PA&#;IZIK 《Plant Breeding》1997,116(2):186-188

Germination of eight spring barley varieties, grown in two years at eight different locations in State varietal trials in the Czech republic, was analysed. All the combinations were tested under optimal conditions for germination as recommended by ISTA and also at low temperatures (5 and 10°C), and underwater stress (- 2 and - 4 bar). Germination under low temperature and water stress was considered as a character of seed vitality. Varieties in nearly all experiments were a significant source of variation and their relative contribution to the total variation was higher for vitality (5.7–38.7%) than for germination (2.0–4.3%). However, the percentage of germination were not related to the percentage of vitality. The location in nearly all the experiments caused the greatest variation and the impact was greater for germination than for vitality. Provenance effects were different for germination and for vitality; grains harvested in the lowland had the highest germination values, but not the highest vitality values. The results should encourage breeding for seed vitality and some reconsideration of provenance effects on seed vitality.  相似文献   

Optimization of Farmyard Manure to Substitute Mineral Fertilizer for Sustainable Productivity and Higher Carbon Sequestration Potential and Profitability under Gardenpea-French Bean Cropping System in the Indian Himalayas     

Dibakar Mahanta  R. Bhattacharyya  D. C. Sahoo  M. D. Tuti  K. A. Gopinath  R. Arunkumar 《Journal of plant nutrition》2015,38(11):1709-1733

Carbon sequestration potential (CSP) and sustainability of gardenpea-french bean cropping system was assessed with farmyard manure (FYM) application vis-à-vis mineral fertilization as recommended NPK (NPK) and integrated nutrient management practices (INM) after six years’ cropping in Indian Himalayas. Application of 20 tons FYM ha^?1 provided highest CSP (0.527 Mg C ha^?1 year^?1) in soil and sustainability index. With the help of quadratic equations, it was estimated that maximum profit (optimum yield) and turn over of invested money could be achieved with application of 20.0 and 15.6 t FYM ha^?1, respectively. Application of 5.9 and 8.9 tons FYM ha^?1 would substitute NPK and INM, respectively. Pod number plant^?1 was the most important yield-contributing attribute as found from principal component analysis. Pod yield could be modelled through multiple linear equation with help of yield attributes.  相似文献   

Metabolism of metamitron in goat following a single oral administration of a nontoxic dose level: a continued study     

Chanda D  Debnath SC  Das SK  Mandal TK  Bhattacharyya A  Choudhury A  Chakraborty AK 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(24):7377-7381

Disposition kinetic behavior and metabolism studies of metamitron and its metabolite in terms of the parent compound were carried out in black Bengal goats after a single oral administration of a nontoxic oral dose at 30 mg kg(-1) of body weight. Metamitron was detected in the blood sample at 5 min (2.23 +/- 0.04 microg mL(-1)), maximum at 1 h (3.43 +/- 0.02 microg mL(-1)) and minimum at 12 h (0.41 +/- 0.01 microg mL(-1)), after a single oral administration. Metabolite [3-methyl-6-phenyl-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] in terms of the parent compound was detected in the blood sample at 5 min (0.47 +/- 0.006 microg mL(-1)), maximum at 6 h (5.12 +/- 0.02 microg mL(-1)) and minimum at 96 h (1.06 +/- 0.016 microg mL(-1)), after a single oral administration. The t(1/2 K) and Cl(B) values of metamitron were 3.63 +/- 0.05 h and 1.36 +/- 0.016 L kg(-1) h(-1), respectively, whereas the t(1/2K)(m) and Cl(B)(m) values of the metabolite were 38.15 +/- 0.37 h and 0.091 +/- 0.001 L kg(-1) h(-1), respectively, which suggested long persistence of the metabolite in blood and tissues of goat. Metamitron was excreted through feces and urine for up to 48 and 72 h, whereas the metabolite was excreted for up to 168 and 144 h, respectively. Metabolite alone contributed to 96 and 67% of combined recovery percentage of metamitron and metabolite against the administered dose in feces and urine of goat, respectively. All of the goat tissues except lung, adrenal gland, ovary, testis, and mammary gland retained the metabolite residue for up to 6 days after administration.  相似文献   

Colicin-tolerant mutants of Escherichia coli: resistance of membranes to colicin E1   总被引：25，自引：0，他引：25  

P Bhattacharyya  L Wendt  E Whitney  S Silver 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1970,168(934):998-1000

Colicin E1 blocks proline accumulation by membrane vesicles prepared from wild-type sensitive Escherichia coli. Two classes of mutant cells are unaffected by colicin. Vesicles from colicin-resistant strains are sensitive to colicin E1, whereas vesicles from colicin-tolerant strains are unaffected by colicin El. These results suggest that the colicin E1 receptor is on the cell membrane and that colicin-tolerant strains have altered membranes while colicin-resistant strains have altered cell walls.  相似文献   

Carbon sequestration and relationship between carbon addition and storage under rainfed soybean–wheat rotation in a sandy loam soil of the Indian Himalayas     

S. Kundu  Ranjan Bhattacharyya  Ved Prakash  B.N. Ghosh  H.S. Gupta 《Soil & Tillage Research》2007,92(1-2):87-95

Soil organic matter (SOM) contributes to the productivity and physical properties of soils. Although crop productivity is sustained mainly through the application of organic manure in the Indian Himalayas, no information is available on the effects of long-term manure addition along with mineral fertilizers on C sequestration and the contribution of total C input towards soil organic C (SOC) storage. We analyzed results of a long-term experiment, initiated in 1973 on a sandy loam soil under rainfed conditions to determine the influence of different combinations of NPK fertilizer and fertilizer + farmyard manure (FYM) at 10 Mg ha⁻¹ on SOC content and its changes in the 0–45 cm soil depth. Concentration of SOC increased 40 and 70% in the NPK + FYM-treated plots as compared to NPK (43.1 Mg C ha⁻¹) and unfertilized control plots (35.5 Mg C ha⁻¹), respectively. Average annual contribution of C input from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) was 29% and that from wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Emend. Flori and Paol) was 24% of the harvestable above-ground biomass yield. Annual gross C input and annual rate of total SOC enrichment were 4852 and 900 kg C ha⁻¹, respectively, for the plots under NPK + FYM. It was estimated that 19% of the gross C input contributed towards the increase in SOC content. C loss from native SOM during 30 years averaged 61 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The estimated quantity of biomass C required to maintain equilibrium SOM content was 321 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The total annual C input by the soybean–wheat rotation in the plots under unfertilized control was 890 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Thus, increase in SOC concentration under long-term (30 years) rainfed soybean–wheat cropping was due to the fact that annual C input by the system was higher than the required amount to maintaining equilibrium SOM content.  相似文献   

Long‐term effects of fertilization on some soil properties under rainfed soybean‐wheat cropping in the Indian Himalayas     

Ved Prakash  Ranjan Bhattacharyya  Govindan Selvakumar  Samaresh Kundu  Hari Shanker Gupta 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2007,170(2):224-233

This study aims to examine the effects of long‐term fertilization and cropping on some chemical and microbiological properties of the soil in a 32 y old long‐term fertility experiment at Almora (Himalayan region, India) under rainfed soybean‐wheat rotation. Continuous annual application of recommended doses of chemical fertilizer and 10 Mg ha^–1 FYM on fresh‐weight basis (NPK + FYM) to soybean (Glycine max L.) sustained not only higher productivity of soybean and residual wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop, but also resulted in build‐up of total soil organic C (SOC), total soil N, P, and K. Concentration of SOC increased by 40% and 70% in the NPK + FYM–treated plots as compared to NPK (43.1 Mg C ha^–1) and unfertilized control plots (35.5 Mg C ha^–1), respectively. Average annual contribution of C input from soybean was 29% and that from wheat was 24% of the harvestable aboveground biomass yield. Annual gross C input and annual rate of total SOC enrichment from initial soil in the 0–15 cm layer were 4362 and 333 kg C ha^–1, respectively, for the plots under NPK + FYM. It was observed that the soils under the unfertilized control, NK and N + FYM treatments, suffered a net annual loss of 5.1, 5.2, and 15.8 kg P ha^–1, respectively, whereas the soils under NP, NPK, and NPK + FYM had net annual gains of 25.3, 18.8, and 16.4 kg P ha^–1, respectively. There was net negative K balance in all the treatments ranging from 6.9 kg ha^–1 y^–1 in NK to 82.4 kg ha^–1 y^–1 in N + FYM–treated plots. The application of NPK + FYM also recorded the highest levels of soil microbial‐biomass C, soil microbial‐biomass N, populations of viable and culturable soil microbes.  相似文献   

Photodecomposition of an acaricide,fenazaquin, in aqueous alcoholic solution     

Bhattacharyya J  Banerjee H  Bhattacharyya A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(14):4013-4016

Fenazaquin (I) is a new acaricide of the quinazoline class. The photodecomposition of I was studied in aqueous methanolic and 2-propanolic solution under UV light (30 h) and sunlight (70 h) separately. The photolytic half-lives in aqueous methanolic solution were found to be 17.1 h (UV) and 38.1 h (sunlight), whereas these were 12.9 h (UV) and 29.2 h (sunlight) for aqueous 2-propanolic solution; all followed a first-order reaction kinetics. Six photoproducts were obtained: beta-phenyl (p-tert-butyl) ethyl alcohol (II), 4-hydroxyquinazoline (III), p-tert-butyl vinyl benzene (IV), 2,4-dihydroxyquinazoline (V), phenyl (p-tert-butyl) acetic acid (VI), and 2-methyl-2-[4'-(2' '-hydroxyethyl)phenyl]propanoic acid (VII). Compounds VI and VII could be isolated only from aqueous 2-propanolic solution under sunlight irradiation. The major degradation products are formed as a result of cleavage of the ether bridge linking the quinazoline and phenyl ring systems of the molecule, oxidation of the tert-butyl substituent, and oxidation of the heterocyclic portion of the quinazoline ring. A probable mechanism of formation of the photoproducts is also suggested.  相似文献   

Cadmium-induced bone loss: Increased susceptibility in females     

Bhattacharyya  Maryka H. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1991,57(1):665-673

An overview is presented of studies on effects of Cd on (1) female mice during pregnancy and lactation and after ovariectomy and (2) bone organ/cell culture systems. The gastrointestinal absorption of Cd increased two- to threefold in mouse dams during pregnancy and lactation, with both the kidneys and duodenum of the dam showing striking increases in Cd deposition. Dietary Cd at 5 or 50 μg g^?1 caused a dose-dependent decrease in femur Ca content in multiparous mouse dams but not in nonpregnant controls. In addition, dietary Cd at 50 μg g^?1 significantly increased the loss of bone mineral that occurs normally in mice after removal of the ovaries. In cultures of fetal rat limb bones prelabeled with ⁴⁵Ca, Cd at 10 nM (1 ng g^?1) caused a release of 70% of the ⁴⁵Ca, similar to the release caused by 10 nM parathyroid hormone. This level of Cd also caused a fivefold increase in the number of multinucleated osteoclast-like cells formed during in vitro incubation of progenitor-enriched mononuclear bone marrow cells. These results support the view that Cd exposure contributed to the pathogenesis of Itai-Itai disease among multiparous, postmenopausal women in Japan and provide evidence that Cd may act directly on bone.

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Comparative study of different surface decontaminants on chicken quality     

Sinhamahapatra M  Biswas S  Das AK  Bhattacharyya D 《British poultry science》2004,45(5):624-630

(1) A comparative study on the effect of different surface decontaminants: hot water at 70 degrees C for one minute; 2% lactic acid for 30 s; 1200 p.p.m. acidified sodium chlorite (ASC) solution for 5 s and 50 p.p.m. chlorine solution for 5 min in the form of dips and sprays on the surface of dressed broilers for 0, 24 and 48 h of storage was conducted. (2) The variables studied were, total plate count (TPC), presumptive coliform count (PCC), pH and extract release volume (ERV). All treatments reduced TPC and PCC. (3) Lactic acid dip and hot water dip were the most effective for reducing TPC (1.36 and 1.28 log/cm2, respectively) with no significant difference between them. (4) ASC and hot water in dip could diminish PCC (1.37 and 1.34 log/cm2, respectively) and did not vary significantly. (5) No treatment affected muscle pH, water holding capacity (WHC), ERV, appearance, smell, tenderness and overall acceptability of treated broilers significantly. (6) Hot water treatment is the cheapest, most convenient and simplest decontamination technique for hygienic and wholesome poultry production.  相似文献