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Comparison of emission estimates for non‐CO2 greenhouse gases from livestock and poultry in Korea from 1990 to 2010 
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下载免费PDF全文 It has often been claimed that non‐carbon dioxide greenhouse gases (NCGGs), such as methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated greenhouse gases, are significant contributors to climate change. Here we nvestigate emission estimates of methane and nitrous oxide from livestock and poultry production, which is recognized as a major source of those NCGGs, in Korea over the period of 1990 through 2010. Based on the data on livestock and poultry populations, emission estimates of methane and nitrous oxide are first derived based on the Tier 1 approach. Then, the Tier 2 approach is adopted to obtain emission estimates of methane and nitrous oxide from cattle, which are known to be the largest sources of these NCGGs and account for about 70% of emissions from livestock and poultry in Korea. The result indicates that the Tier 2 estimates of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from enteric fermentation and manure management are significantly different from the Tier 1 estimates over the analysis period. 相似文献
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Guam amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-parkinsonism-dementia linked to a plant excitant neurotoxin 总被引：24，自引：0，他引：24
P S Spencer P B Nunn J Hugon A C Ludolph S M Ross D N Roy R C Robertson 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1987,237(4814):517-522
The decline in the high incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, parkinsonism, and Alzheimer-type dementia among the Chamorro population of the western Pacific islands of Guam and Rota, coupled with the absence of demonstrable viral and hereditable factors in this disease, suggests the gradual disappearance of an environmental factor selectively associated with this culture. One candidate is seed of the neurotoxic plant Cycas circinalis L., a traditional source of food and medicine which has been used less with the Americanization of the Chamorro people after World War II. Macaques were fed the Cycas amino acid beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine, a low-potency convulsant that has excitotoxic activity in mouse brain, which is attenuated by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists. These animals developed corticomoto-neuronal dysfunction, parkinsonian features, and behavioral anomalies, with chromatolytic and degenerative changes of motor neurons in cerebral cortex and spinal cord. In concert with existing epidemiological and animal data, these findings support the hypothesis that cycad exposure plays an important role in the etiology of the Guam disease. 相似文献
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Christian?Jeudy Marielle?Adrian Christophe?Baussard Céline?Bernard Eric?Bernaud Virginie?Bourion Hughes?Busset Lloren??Cabrera-Bosquet Frédéric?Cointault Simeng?Han Mickael?Lamboeuf Delphine?Moreau Barbara?Pivato Marion?Prudent Sophie?Trouvelot Hoai?Nam?Truong Vanessa?Vernoud Anne-Sophie?Voisin Daniel?Wipf Christophe?SalonEmail author 《Plant methods》2016,12(1):31
Background
In order to maintain high yields while saving water and preserving non-renewable resources and thus limiting the use of chemical fertilizer, it is crucial to select plants with more efficient root systems. This could be achieved through an optimization of both root architecture and root uptake ability and/or through the improvement of positive plant interactions with microorganisms in the rhizosphere. The development of devices suitable for high-throughput phenotyping of root structures remains a major bottleneck.Results
Rhizotrons suitable for plant growth in controlled conditions and non-invasive image acquisition of plant shoot and root systems (RhizoTubes) are described. These RhizoTubes allow growing one to six plants simultaneously, having a maximum height of 1.1 m, up to 8 weeks, depending on plant species. Both shoot and root compartment can be imaged automatically and non-destructively throughout the experiment thanks to an imaging cabin (RhizoCab). RhizoCab contains robots and imaging equipment for obtaining high-resolution pictures of plant roots. Using this versatile experimental setup, we illustrate how some morphometric root traits can be determined for various species including model (Medicago truncatula), crops (Pisum sativum, Brassica napus, Vitis vinifera, Triticum aestivum) and weed (Vulpia myuros) species grown under non-limiting conditions or submitted to various abiotic and biotic constraints. The measurement of the root phenotypic traits using this system was compared to that obtained using “classic” growth conditions in pots.Conclusions
This integrated system, to include 1200 Rhizotubes, will allow high-throughput phenotyping of plant shoots and roots under various abiotic and biotic environmental conditions. Our system allows an easy visualization or extraction of roots and measurement of root traits for high-throughput or kinetic analyses. The utility of this system for studying root system architecture will greatly facilitate the identification of genetic and environmental determinants of key root traits involved in crop responses to stresses, including interactions with soil microorganisms.5.
Mickael Cregut 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2009,41(4):704-710
In this study we investigated the arylsulfatase-producing bacterial community (ARS-BC) in the rhizosphere soils of field-grown rape in comparison with that of barley. For this, the rhizosphere soils from both plant species were sampled four times during plant growth. Soil arylsulfatase (ARS) activity and the density and the structure of the cultivable ARS-BC on M9-Xsulf medium were then determined. ARS activity in rape rhizosphere was greater than in barley rhizosphere and evolved along the phenology in the two rhizosphere soils. In parallel, the average density of ARS-BC in the rape rhizosphere was higher than that in the barley rhizosphere. Moreover, ARS activity is correlated with ARS-BC density both in rape and barley rhizosphere soils. The structure of the ARS-BC in the rape rhizosphere was different from that in the barley rhizosphere. In the rape rhizosphere, the ARS-BC was substantially more structured than in the barley rhizosphere. Among the ARS-BC, Actinobacteria and Pseudomonads were significantly present in the both rhizosphere soils. Actinobacteria predominated in the barley rhizosphere while Pseudomonads were mostly represented under rape. It is possible that the differences in ARS activity observed between rape and barley can be attributed to a different ARS-BC size and/or a different ARS-BC structure under these two plant covers. This impact of rape may be connected to a selective effect of rhizodeposits released by rape roots to the functional bacterial community. Our findings suggest that plant species, via their rhizodeposits, may affect the functional bacterial community and thus influence the dynamic of S in soil. 相似文献
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Bordiga M Travaglia F Meyrand M German JB Lebrilla CB Coïsson JD Arlorio M Barile D 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(14):3700-3707
Over forty-five complex free oligosaccharides (of which several are novel) have been isolated and chemically characterized by gas chromatography and high resolution and high mass accuracy matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-FTICR MS) in red and white wines, Grignolino and Chardonnay, respectively. Oligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization between 3 and 14 were separated from simple monosaccharides and disaccharides by solid-phase extraction. The concentrations of free oligosaccharides were over 100 mg/L in both red and white wines. The free oligosaccharides-characterized for the first time in the present study-include hexose-oligosaccharides, xyloglucans, and arabinogalactans and may be the natural byproduct of the degradation of cell wall polysaccharides. The coupled gas chromatography and accurate mass spectrometry approach revealed an effective method to characterize and quantify complex functional oligosaccharides in both red and white wine. 相似文献
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Wisner AL Desin TS Lam PK Berberov E Mickael CS Townsend HG Potter AA Köster W 《Veterinary microbiology》2011,153(3-4):274-284
Several structural components of the type III secretion systems (T3SS) encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-1 and SPI-2 are exposed to the host's immune system prior to/during the infection/invasion process, making them potential vaccine candidates. In this study we evaluated whether chickens vaccinated with SPI-2 T3SS components could mount a significant humoral immune response (as measured by serum IgG titres) and whether these antibodies could be transferred to progeny (as measured by egg yolk IgG titres), and whether vaccinates and progeny of vaccinates could be protected against challenge with SE. The results of our studies show that vaccinated chickens do produce high levels of SPI-2 T3SS specific serum IgG that they are able to transfer to their progeny. It was demonstrated that vaccinates and progeny of vaccinates had lower overall countable recovered Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) per bird in most situations. 相似文献
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Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of food-borne bacterial gastroenteritis in humans in the United States. Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) causes an immunosuppressive disease in young chickens. To analyze a possible role of IBDV-induced immunosuppression in colonization and shedding of C. jejuni, two experiments were conducted. In both experiments, group 1 consisted of noninoculated control chickens, groups 2 and 3 were inoculated with varying doses of C. jejuni, and groups 4 and 5 were inoculated initially with IBDV followed by doses of C. jejuni similar to groups 2 and 3. Campylobacter jejuni was recovered from the cloaca and cecum, but not the small intestines, from all chickens in groups 2 and 3. In groups 4 and 5, C. jejuni was recovered from the small intestines, cecum, and cloaca from all chickens. The amount (colony-forming units/sample) of C. jejuni recovered from chickens in groups 4 and 5 was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than the amount recovered from chickens in groups 2 and 3; and C. jejuni was also present sooner in these groups than in groups 2 and 3. Bursa samples from chickens in groups 4 and 5 were significantly smaller (P < 0.05) than in the other groups. Additionally, real-time polymerase chain reaction results for IBDV were positive in groups 4 and 5 and negative in all other groups. This study indicated that IBDV infection exacerbated colonization and shedding of C. jejuni, presumably through the immune suppression this virus causes in chickens. It highlights the need for further investigation into the role of immunosuppression in preharvest control strategies for food-borne disease-causing agents. 相似文献
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Sundekilde UK Barile D Meyrand M Poulsen NA Larsen LB Lebrilla CB German JB Bertram HC 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(24):6188-6196
Free oligosaccharides are key components of human milk and play multiple roles in the health of the neonate, by stimulating growth of selected beneficial bacteria in the gut, participating in development of the brain, and exerting antipathogenic activity. However, the concentration of oligosaccharides is low in mature bovine milk, normally used for infant formula, compared with both human colostrum and mature human milk. Characterization of bovine milk oligosaccharides in different breeds is crucial for the identification of viable sources for oligosaccharide purification. An improved source of oligosaccharides can lead to infant formula with improved oligosaccharide functionality. In the present study we have analyzed milk oligosaccharides by high-performance liquid chromatography chip quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and performed a detailed data analysis using both univariate and multivariate methods. Both statistical tools revealed several differences in oligosaccharide profiles between milk samples from the two Danish breeds, Jersey and Holstein-Friesians. Jersey milk contained higher relative amounts of both sialylated and the more complex neutral fucosylated oligosaccharides, while the Holstein-Friesian milk had higher abundance of smaller and simpler neutral oligosaccharides. The statistical analyses revealed that Jersey milk contains levels of fucosylated oligosaccharides significantly higher than that of Holstein-Friesian milk. Jersey milk also possesses oligosaccharides with a higher degree of complexity and functional residues (fucose and sialic acid), suggesting it may therefore offer advantages in term of a wider array of bioactivities. 相似文献
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1H NMR and chemometrics to characterize mature grape berries in four wine-growing areas in Bordeaux, France 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Pereira GE Gaudillere JP Van Leeuwen C Hilbert G Lavialle O Maucourt M Deborde C Moing A Rolin D 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(16):6382-6389
The biochemical composition of grape berries depends on the cultivar genome and is influenced by environmental conditions and growing practices, which vary according to origin and "terroir" (French word accounting for the factors of climate, soil, and cultural practices on grape and wine quality). The components currently measured to determine the potential quality of grapes for wine-making at harvest are sugars, acidity, pH, and total phenolics, referred to as "classic analysis". The aim of this work was to establish metabolic profiles using both conventional physicochemical analyses and 1H NMR spectrometry of the skin and pulp of mature berry extracts in order in four appellations situated in different locations in southern-western France (Bordeaux). Principal component analysis was applied to the physiochemical and 1H NMR data to investigate the variability of the grape composition and to characterize groups of samples. A significant clustering of the metabolic profile of pulps or skins in relation to their terroir was observed. Physicochemical analyses were more discriminant than 1H NMR data, but NMR spectroscopy allowed metabolic finger-printings using identified metabolites and some still nonattributed resonances. 相似文献