Drivers,challenges and opportunities of forage technology adoption by smallholder cattle households in Cambodia     

K Ashley  S Wilson  JR Young  HP Chan  S Vitou  S Suon  PA Windsor  RD Bush 《Tropical animal health and production》2018,50(1):63-73

Forage technology has been successfully introduced into smallholder cattle systems in Cambodia as an alternative feed source to the traditional rice straw and native pastures, improving animal nutrition and reducing labour requirements of feeding cattle. Previous research has highlighted the positive impacts of forage technology including improved growth rates of cattle and household time savings. However, further research is required to understand the drivers, challenges and opportunities of forage technology for smallholder cattle households in Cambodia to facilitate widespread adoption and identify areas for further improvement. A survey of forage-growing households (n = 40) in July–September 2016 examined forage technology adoption experiences, including reasons for forage establishment, use of inputs and labour requirements of forage plot maintenance and use of forages (feeding, fattening, sale of grass or seedlings and silage). Time savings was reported as the main driver of forage adoption with household members spending approximately 1 h per day maintaining forages and feeding it to cattle. Water availability was reported as the main challenge to this activity. A small number of households also reported lack of labour, lack of fencing, competition from natural grasses, cost of irrigation and lack of experience as challenges to forage growing. Cattle fattening and sale of cut forage grass and seedlings was not found to be a widespread activity by interviewed households, with 25 and 10% of households reporting use of forages for these activities, respectively. Currently, opportunities exist for these households to better utilise forages through expansion of forage plots and cattle activities, although assistance is required to support these households in addressing current constraints, particularly availability of water, if the sustainability of this feed technology for smallholder cattle household is to be established in Cambodia.  相似文献   

Effect of feeding level on ileal and total tract digestibility of nutrients and energy from soybean meal‐based diets for piglets     

M. Goerke  R. Mosenthin  D. Jezierny  N. Sauer  H.‐P. Piepho  U. Messerschmidt  M. Eklund 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2014,98(6):1154-1165

A total of 36 piglets with an initial body weight (BW) of 5.6 ± 0.7 kg, fitted with simple T‐cannulas at the distal ileum, were used to evaluate the effect of three graded feeding levels (50, 75 or 100 g/kg BW^0.75 day) on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and energy, and on ATTD of organic matter (OM), ether extracts (EE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and digestible (DE), metabolisable (ME) and net energy (NE) content in soybean meal (SBM)–casein–cornstarch‐based diets. The AID of DM, N and energy and ATTD of NDF, ADF and EE in the diets were not affected (p > 0.05) by the feed intake (FI) level. There was a small decrease in ATTD of DM, N (CP), OM, ash and energy, and in DE, ME and NE content in the diets (p < 0.05) with increasing FI level. The net disappearance in the large intestine (in % of ileal recovery) decreased for DM, N and energy (p < 0.05) with increasing FI level. The design of the study allowed for estimating ileal endogenous loss of N and total tract endogenous loss of ash, N and EE, for estimating corresponding true ileal and total tract digestibility values, and for estimating urinary endogenous N loss. High variability in estimates of ileal endogenous N loss and total tract endogenous losses of N, EE and ash reflects great variation in individual endogenous losses between animals. Estimation of true total tract digestibility of N, EE and ash by regression analysis was affected by their decrease in ATTD with increasing FI level, as estimates for true digestibility were lower compared to their apparent values. The present results suggest that FI level can affect both apparent and true total tract nutrient digestibility in piglets.  相似文献   

Analysis of series of variety trials with perennial crops     

H.‐P. Piepho  T. Eckl 《Grass and Forage Science》2014,69(3):431-440

Field trials with perennial crops give rise to repeated measurements taken on the same plot on several occasions. It is important to account for serial correlation among repeated measurements in such trials. This study illustrates the use of mixed models for this purpose. We consider the analysis of trials conducted at several locations and the combination of trials with different starting years. A key issue in the analysis is the distinction between effects of calendar years, which are associated with external environmental variation, and harvest years, which represent internal yield formation processes of the perennial crop. Two methods of two‐stage analysis are compared with single‐stage analysis. It is shown that results of two‐stage analysis are very similar to those of single‐stage analysis, if serial correlation is properly taken into account. Program code for the MIXED procedure of the SAS system is given in an Appendix S1 for all considered cases.  相似文献   

Rank correlation among parametric and nonparametric measures of phenotypic stability     

Hans-Peter Piepho  Savino Lotito 《Euphytica》1992,64(3):221-225

Summary There is an increasing number of stability parameters for genotypes grown in different environments. It is therefore useful to study the statistical relations between these parameters. One approach is the calculation of rank correlations between different stability parameters in empirical data sets. In the data analysed there are high rank correlations between ecovalence W_i, deviation mean square s² _di, the nonparametric measures S_i ⁽¹⁾, S_i ⁽²⁾, and two new measures R_i and L_i as well as between environmental variance S² _xi and regression coefficient b_i. The results suggest that S_i ⁽¹⁾, S_i ⁽²⁾, L_i, and R_i can be used as alternatives to W_i and the stability variance ² _i. This may be worthwhile, if certain statistical assumptions do not hold, particularly if significance testing is needed.  相似文献   

Mixed modelling for QTL × environment interaction analysis   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Hans-Peter Piepho  Klaus Pillen 《Euphytica》2004,137(1):147-153

Phenotypic data for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping studies are typically generated at multiple environments in order to broaden the inference space. Many aspects of the usually complex design call for a mixed modelling approach taking into account various sources of variation, e.g., incomplete blocks, a spatial error structure, genetic correlations due to the pedigree, and random environmental effects, including QTL × E interaction. Perhaps the most important source of random variation is the genetic correlation across environment, which arises when the same set of lines is tested in each environment. This correlation is likely to be positive, and ignoring it will lead to an increased rate of false positives. In this paper, we present a mixed modelling framework for QTL mapping based on complex data from multiple environments. Our main focus is on an appropriate modelling for the non-QTL part. The methodology will be illustrated using a barley data set from a BC₂F_2:5 advanced backcross trial. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Analysis of Unbalanced Data by Mixed Linear Models Using the mixed Procedure of the SAS System   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

J. Spilke  H. P. Piepho  X. Hu 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2005,191(1):47-54

Unbalanced data are a common problem in plant research based on designed experiments. Such data are often conveniently analysed using linear mixed models. Recent developments in mixed model theory have been implemented in major packages. This paper describes the use of the mixed procedure of the SAS System for the analysis of designed experiments. Special emphasis is given to the specification of options as depending on the assumed mixed model and on the unbalancedness in the data. In addition, we consider a compact representation of multiple comparisons for unbalanced data (letter display). Two small data sets are used to exemplify the methods.  相似文献   

Responses of different arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) clones to varied environmental conditions     

J.N. Wamatu  E. Thomas  H.P. Piepho 《Euphytica》2003,129(2):175-182

Different improved coffee arabica crosseshaving resistance to coffee berry diseaseand leaf rust, plus a standard cultivar,were grown under a range of environmentalconditions in a series of field trials inKenya. The effects of location and year ofproduction and their interactions with theclones were determined for berry yield.These data were used to estimate andcompare methods of analysis of GEI. An AMMImodel, joint regression model and ANOVAwith repeated measurements were used toinvestigate these interactions. The resultsindicated the relative effects of theclones and the environmental conditions,with Meru being the location where therewas greatest discrimination between theclones, probably because it was bettersuited for coffee. Clones,environments and joint regressions combinedaccounted for 31.20% of the interaction,leaving a residual of 68.80%. Significantresidual mean squares showed therelationship between clones andenvironments not to be strictly linear,thus indicating that regression analysisdid not always provide good estimates ofindividual clonal performance acrossenvironments. High correlations wereobtained between mean yield and regressioncoefficients and between ecovalence andmean square deviations as well as thecoefficient of determination. Resultsshowed that the improved clones surpassedthe standard cultivar both in terms ofyield and stability.Different analyses of the various aspectsof genotype response enabled the 21 clonesto be classified into different similaritygroups based on their performance andphenotypic stability as measured by variousstability parameters and the use of biplotsfrom the AMMI analysis.  相似文献   

A simple procedure for yield component analysis   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

H. -P. Piepho 《Euphytica》1995,84(1):43-48

Summary This paper introduces a simple method of analysing yield components. It allows quantification of the contribution of each component to the variability of final yield. The method is based on log-transforms of measurements of the component traits. Applications in heterosis breeding and stability analysis are discussed. The method is compared to other procedures of yield component analysis.  相似文献   

南极半岛海洋气候区的土壤Ⅲ.冻-融作用与水分状况   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

陈杰  龚子同  阮心玲  BlumeHP 《土壤》2004,36(1):5-11

自由水活动在南极海洋性气候区土壤形成与演化过程中发挥极为重要的作用。本文对土壤自由水的来源、冻-融作用、永冻层和活动层动态以及自由水参与下的物质迁移过程等几个方面进行了论述,讨论了上述不同过程的影响因素以及土壤发生学意义,指出以土壤水形态转化和自由水活动为基础的土壤过程具有显著的微域性特点,是决定本区土壤发生类型与分布模式的重要因素之一。  相似文献   

"Tubules-Within-a-Tubule" Hierarchical Order of Mesoporous Molecular Sieves in MCM-41   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

HP Lin  CY Mou 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1996,273(5276):765-768

The recently discovered mesoporous aluminosilicate MCM-41 consists of hexagonal arrays of nanometer-sized cylindrical pores. It is shown that this material can be synthesized by cooperative condensation of silicate and cylindrical cationic micelles. Careful control of the surfactant-water content and the rate of condensation of silica at high alkalinity resulted in hollow tubules 0.3 to 3 micrometers in diameter. The wall of the tubules consisted of coaxial cylindrical pores, nanometers in size, that are characteristic of those of MCM-41. The formation of this higher order structure may take place through a liquid crystal phase transformation mechanism involving an anisotropic membrane-to-tubule phase change. The hierarchical organization of this "tubules-within-a-tubule" particle texture is similar to that of the frustules of marine diatoms.  相似文献