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1.
The effectiveness of the water test, short hypoosmotic swelling test with ultrapure water was examined in canine epididymal spermatozoa to evaluate tail membrane integrity. Spermatozoa during epididymal transit were also characterized. Sperm suspension obtained from cauda epididymis was diluted 1:4 with ultrapure water, and incubated for 5 min. The percentage of swollen spermatozoa in the water test was significantly correlated with both the sperm motility and the swelling value obtained by the conventional hypoosmotic swelling test. Canine spermatozoa collected from the caput epididymis were not motile, but revealed membrane integrity in a water test. The water test can be used as a simple and short hypoosmotic swelling test to evaluate the tail membrane integrity of canine epididymal spermatozoa.  相似文献   
2.
A computational analysis of the nuclear genome of a red alga, Cyanidioschyzon merolae, identified 11 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes in which the 3' half of the tRNA lies upstream of the 5' half in the genome. We verified that these genes are expressed and produce mature tRNAs that are aminoacylated. Analysis of tRNA-processing intermediates for these genes indicates an unusual processing pathway in which the termini of the tRNA precursor are ligated, resulting in formation of a characteristic circular RNA intermediate that is then processed at the acceptor stem to generate the correct termini.  相似文献   
3.
The influence of supplementation of theophylline to the medium regarding the penetration of canine epididymal spermatozoa into immature oocytes was examined. In the control medium, sperm penetration into the oocytes was observed in 8 of 13 dogs (61.5%), and the mean penetration rate was 22.0%. The penetration rate of individual dogs ranged from 0 to 64.9%. Supplementation of 0.1, 1.0 and 2.5 mM theophylline to the medium did not significantly affect sperm penetration. Sperm penetration was induced by supplementation of 2.5 mM theophylline in two dogs that showed no sperm penetration in the control group. Penetration of the epididymal spermatozoa into the oocytes was shown to vary among individual dogs in cases of the absence and presence of theophylline.  相似文献   
4.
The 2011 earthquake severely damaged the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FNPP), resulting in the release of large quantities of radioactive material into the environment. The deposition of these radionuclides in rice straw as livestock feed led to the circulation of contaminated beef in the market. Based on the safety concern of the consumers, a reliable method for estimating concentrations of radioactive cesium in muscle tissue is needed. In this study, we analyzed the concentrations of radioactive cesium in the blood and skeletal muscle of 88 cattle, and detected a linear correlation between them. We then developed software that can be used to estimate radioactive cesium concentrations in muscle tissue from blood samples. Distribution of this software to the livestock production field would allow us to easily identify high‐risk cattle, which would be beyond the safety regulation, before shipping out to the market. This software is planned to be released as freeware. This software would contribute to food safety, and aid the recovery of the livestock industry from the damage creacted by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami.  相似文献   
5.
In order to find new utilization method of woody wastes, we examined the bioactivities of extracts from branch heartwood of Chamaecyparis obtusa (hinoki) and compared to extracts from trunk heartwood. The bioactivities examined were antifungal activities against four fungi (Trametes versicolor, Fomitopsis palustris, Trichoderma virens, Rhizopus oryzae), and bioassay with brine shrimp (Artemia salina) which shows any allelopathic activities not measurable with fungi. Antifungal activities were observed in the hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of branch and trunk heartwood. The hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of branch and hexane extract of trunk showed strong lethality against brine shrimp. The yields of the active extracts of branch were much more than that of trunk. The identified compounds in the active extracts of branch were germacra-1-(10),5-dien-4??-ol, t-cadinol, t-muurolol, hinokiresinol, and hinokinin. Hinokiresinol and t-muurolol showed strong antifungal activities. Hinokiresinol showed bioactivities against T. virens, R. oryzae and brine shrimp. Germacra-1-(10),5-dien-4??-ol was lethal to brine shrimp. Germacra-1-(10),5-dien-4??-ol and hinokiresinol were minor components in trunk heartwood, but major components in branch. These qualitative and quantitative results suggest that the branch heartwood could be a valuable chemical resource because it contains large amounts of antifungal and allelopathic compounds.  相似文献   
6.
The growth inhibition activities of essential oils obtained from Cryptomeria japonica, Chamaecyparis obtusa, and Pinus thunbergii were examined against the bacillariophyceae Skeletonema costatum, also known as red tide plankton. The essential oils were extracted from the heartwood, leaves, and bark of these typical indigenous Japanese conifers. The essential oils from C. japonica bark and P. thunbergii heartwood possessed strong growth inhibition activity. The chemical compositions of these essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). α-Terpineol and longifolene were the main components of the essential oil from P. thunbergii heartwood. The C. japonica bark essential oil was mainly composed of α-terpineol, δ-cadinene, isophyllocladene, and ferruginol. Ferruginol and longifolene showed more potent growth inhibition against S. costatum than hinokitiol (β-thujaplicine), which is known to be a strong antifungal compound among wood components. Ferruginol and longifolene were important factors for the growth inhibition activity of the essential oils from C. japonica bark and P. thunbergii heartwood, respectively. These results suggest the possibility of using C. japonica bark and P. thunbergii heartwood for the control of red tide plankton.  相似文献   
7.
The accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FNPP) released a large amount of radioactive substances into the environment. Furthermore, beef contaminated with radioactive cesium above the 500 Bq/kg safety standard was circulated in the food chain in 2011. Japanese consumers remain concerned about the safety of radioactively contaminated food. In our previous study, we detected a linear correlation between radioactive cesium (137Cs) activity in blood and muscle around 500 to 2500 Bq/kg in cattle. However, it was unclear whether the correlation was maintained at a lower radioactivity close to the current safety standard of 100 Bq/kg. In this study, we evaluated 17 cattle in the FNPP evacuation zone that had a 137Cs blood level less than 10 Bq/kg. The results showed a linear correlation between blood 137Cs and muscle 137Cs (Y = 28.0X, R2 = 0.590) at low radioactivity concentration, indicating that cesium radioactivity in the muscle can be estimated from blood radioactivity. This technique would be useful in detecting high‐risk cattle before they enter the market, and will contribute to food safety.  相似文献   
8.
15 years ago an interim report for an intense environmental program was compiled concerning the location of the islands of Japan at the meteorological down stream of the East Asian Countries. Parts of sulfur dioxide and other air pollutants, those supposed to cause acid deposition are emitted from the eastern parts of the Asian continent, especially in China. The air pollutants flow down to the east to spread over these islands. This acid deposition is projected to cause damage to forest resources of Japan in the future by increasing air pollutants emanating from the continent. A long term project by a research group at Keio University commenced in 1985 to identify ways of preventing this damage to the forests. The group formed the JACK Air Surveillance Network in China and South Korea in order to collect the first precise air pollution data in this region, as well as to identify a reliable partner for the project. On the completion of the JACK project, a highly cooperative group was formed between the researchers of Keio University and those in Chengdu, Sichuan province of China and has effectively worked since 1991. The goal of the project is the formation of an Inland Environmental Information Center in inland China to be accomplished by 2005. To launch a 10 year project by the center, a nation wide campaign is planned to raise the awareness of the population, specifically the lower socio-economic group on the effect of environmental issues. It is suggested that this education campaign take effect in inland China no later than 2025 for the preservation of the forests on the Islands of Japan.  相似文献   
9.
A virus-like dsRNA of about 23 kbp was detected in gentian plants showing Kobu-sho syndrome including stunting, shortened internodes, and tumors on stems, nodes and roots. Nucleotide sequence analysis has suggested that this dsRNA is related to Pestivirus species but not to any other plant viruses. It was protected from externally added RNase, suggesting that the dsRNA is encapsidated. The dsRNA was co-extracted in a crude homogenate of glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue with the virus-like particles that have been associated previously with Kobu-sho syndrome in gentian (Usugi et al. Jpn J Phytopathol 76:21–24, 2010). The RNA sequence was detected in more than 99 % of Kobu-sho gentian individuals but in less than 20 % of apparently healthy gentian individuals from fields affected with Kobu-sho. Thus, we propose naming the virus Gentian Kobu-sho-associated virus.  相似文献   
10.
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