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Trichoderma Biocontrol of Colletotrichum acutatum and Botrytis cinerea and Survival in Strawberry 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
Stanley Freeman Dror Minz Inna Kolesnik Olga Barbul Aida Zveibil Marcel Maymon Yehuda Nitzani Benny Kirshner Dalia Rav-David Alon Bilu Arnon Dag Sharoni Shafir Yigal Elad 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2004,110(4):361-370
Trichoderma isolates are known for their ability to control plant pathogens. It has been shown that various isolates of Trichoderma, including T. harzianum isolate T-39 from the commercial biological control product TRICHODEX, were effective in controlling anthracnose (Colletotrichum acutatum) and grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) in strawberry, under controlled and greenhouse conditions. Three selected Trichoderma strains, namely T-39, T-161 and T-166, were evaluated in large-scale experiments using different timing application and dosage rates for reduction of strawberry anthracnose and grey mould. All possible combinations of single, double or triple mixtures of Trichoderma strains, applied at 0.4% and 0.8% concentrations, and at 7 or 10 day intervals, resulted in reduction of anthracnose severity; the higher concentration (0.8%) was superior in control whether used with single isolates or as a result of combined application of two isolates, each at 0.4%. Only a few treatments resulted in significant control of grey mould. Isolates T-39 applied at 0.4% at 2 day intervals, T-166 at 0.4%, or T-161 combined with T-39 at 0.4% were as effective as the chemical fungicide fenhexamide. The survival dynamics of populations of the Trichoderma isolates (T-39, T-105, T-161 and T-166) applied separately was determined by dilution plating and isolates in the mixtures calculated according to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using repeat motif primers. The biocontrol isolates were identified to the respective species T. harzianum (T-39), T. hamatum (T-105), T. atroviride (T-161) and T. longibrachiatum (T-166), according to internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis. 相似文献
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The establishment of large numbers of ramets from any individual coral genet can be used as a valuable source of material for the trade in ornamental marine organisms and in physiological and ecotoxicological studies. Here we discuss the rationale and the applicability of rearing ex situ large numbers of nubbins (minute fragments, down to the size of a single polyp). Nubbins taken from colonies of the branching Red Sea coral Stylophora pistillata show high survivorship under ex situ conditions and fast growth rates (5- to 6-fold increase in polyp numbers within 3 months) of the basal plates which revealed a significant correlation between tissue surface area and polyp numbers. Nubbins from branch tips and mid branches grew at a similar rate, but growth was affected by different light regimens. This approach requires further experimentation to elucidate optimal conditions. 相似文献
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Dvash L Afik O Shafir S Schaffer A Yeselson Y Dag A Landau S 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(19):5283-5287
This paper reports the application of near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy to determine the concentration in honey of perseitol, a sugar that is specific to avocado honey. Reference values for perseitol were obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis in 109 honey samples. Although the average concentration of perseitol in honey samples was only 0.48%, accurate prediction equations were successfully developed. The regression model of modified partial least squares was superior to that of principal component regressions. Calibrations based on the first or second derivative of Log(1/R) were equally good (R(2) > 0.95). Using half of the samples for calibration and the second half for validation, the correlation between actual and predicted values of the second half was satisfactory (R(2) = 0.87), the slope did not differ from 1, bias was low (0.005%), and the standard error of prediction was relatively low (0.13%). It was concluded that NIRS analysis may be used to detect to what extent honeybees have harvested avocado nectar but not to authenticate avocado honey as unifloral. 相似文献
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The worldwide market for ornamental saltwater invertebrates supplies the needs of millions of aquarium hobbyists, as well as for public exhibition (zoos, aquaria), universities, and research institutions. The large-scale continuous collection of marine organisms is responsible, in many places, for the destruction of habitats, including coral reefs. The perceived expansion of the animal trade further threatens these fragile habitats. In the present paper, several concepts for the domestication of marine ornamental invertebrates (mainly colonial species) are discussed, offering an alternative commercial approach. The major rationale is based on future ex situ propagation, not field collections; a strategy aimed to circumvent the need for wild-harvested animals. This strategy is based on: (1) collection, settlement and metamorphosis of large numbers of larvae from marine organisms or of naturally shed germ cells under aquarium conditions, where survivorship exceeds several orders of magnitude than that in nature; (2) fragmentation of very small pieces (such as the size of a single polyp in colonial corals or blood vessel ampullae in tunicates) for the production of new colonies; (3) the development of replicates and inbred-lines from chosen ornamental species; (4) the use of cryopreservation of larvae and germ cells which will support the supply of material year-round; (5) several concepts for husbandry methods. Some benefits and deficiencies associated with the strategy for ex situ cultures are discussed, revealing its importance to the future of the trade. 相似文献
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Determination of the genetic compatibility between self-incompatible cultivars is crucial in agriculture. The Rosaceae family carries the S-RNase-mediated gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) system. Each haplotype is conferred by an S-locus. The S-locus contains two highly polymorphic genes, S-RNase and SFB, which are characteristic of each haplotype and therefore these genes are ideal markers for molecular S-genotyping. In this study 43 Japanese plum cultivars grown in Israel were S-genotyped based on their S-RNase gene sequences. Four alleles, Sb, Sc, Se and Sh are widespread and together are responsible for 87% of the S-haplotypes therefore many of the cultivar combinations are semi-compatible. In Israel semi-compatibility was shown to correlate with low yield. However, two cultivars, ‘Wickson’ SfSk and ‘Shiro’ SfSg carry rare S-haplotypes and, therefore, are fully compatible with most of the analyzed cultivars. 相似文献
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Sharoni Shafir Arnon Dag Alon Bilu Mohamad Abu-Toamy Yigal Elad 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2006,116(2):119-128
Botrytis cinerea, which causes grey mould, is a major pathogen of many crops. On strawberry, isolates of Trichoderma spp. can effectively control B. cinerea, but frequent application is necessary. Bees can be used to disseminate biological control agents to the target crop. We tested the ability of honey bees to disseminate Trichoderma harzianum T39 to control B. cinerea in strawberry in the field during the winter in Israel over two consecutive seasons. We used the recently developed ‘Triwaks’ dispenser for loading the bees with the T. harzianum inoculum. During both years, grey mould developed in late January in untreated control plots; at low to medium disease levels it was partially controlled by fungicide treatment, and was best controlled in bee-visited plots. At high disease levels neither chemical nor biological control was effective. To assess the spatial distribution of inoculum by bees, we sampled flowers up to 200 m from the hives and found effective levels of T. harzianum even at 200 m. The approach used in this study provides an effective control of grey mould in strawberry in conditions of low to medium grey mould incidence. 相似文献
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Gal Sapir Raphael A. Stern Sharoni Shafir Martin Goldway 《Scientia Horticulturae》2008,116(4):394-398
Japanese plum belongs to the Rosaceae, which carry the S-RNase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility system. Therefore, these plum cultivars depend on cross-pollination for setting fruit. However, cultivar combinations may be genetically semi- or fully compatible. In apples and pears cultivated in Israel, where conditions for pollination are usually unfavorable, it was demonstrated that yields may be correlated with compatibility levels of pollinators. In the present study fruit-set of semi- and fully compatible plum couples was determined for a wide range of cultivars, in unfavorable and favorable conditions. Full compatibility was found superior to semi-compatibility, in both unfavorable and favorable conditions for pollination. These findings should be taken into consideration in determining the orchard designs of cultivars. 相似文献
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G. Sapir M. Goldway S. Shafir 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(4):590-596
SummaryJapanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) belongs to the Rosaceae family, which carries the S-RNase-mediated gametophytic self-incompatibility system, which prevents self-fertilisation, and thus promotes out-crossing. The plum cultivar ‘Black Diamond’® has become, one of the most important cultivars in Israel in the last decade, yet its yield is low in comparison with its known potential. Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are the most important pollinators for plums and several studies have demonstrated an apparent relationship between the number of honeybees and the size of the fruit crop. Therefore, in this study, we focussed on improving bee management in a ‘Black Diamond’ orchard. In four consecutive years of experiments, we examined the effects of increasing the density of bee colonies, and of making multiple introductions of colonies, on honeybee activity and on their effectiveness as pollinators of ‘Black Diamond’. We showed that four separate introductions, each of 0.625 colonies ha–1, every 2 – 3 d from 10% full bloom to 3 d after full bloom, with a total density of only 2.5 colonies ha–1, resulted in the greatest level of fruit set. 相似文献
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