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Assessing the impact of non-governmental organization's extension programs on sustainable cocoa production and household income in Ghana 
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下载免费PDF全文 Globally, cocoa is famous for the production of chocolates and beverages. However, it also serves as a source of raw material for the manufacturing of high-quality cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. Due to its high demand, cocoa is regarded as a major commodity for poverty alleviation in deprived cocoa farming communities. Government has therefore instigated relevant measures to address issues facing the sector by investing in extension programs. These programs act as information dissemination tools for teaching modern farming technologies and enhancing learning among farmers. This study highlighted the effects of the Cocoa Life Project(CLP) by Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere(CARE) International on farm productivity and income of 200 cocoa farmers in three districts of the Eastern Region, Ghana. Regression on covariates, Heckman's treatment effects model, and propensity scores were used to test the robustness of the estimates. A positive association between extension program participation, farm productivity, and household income was discovered. Specifically, after correcting for selection bias, the estimated results of the Heckman's model showed that the extension program significantly increased participating farmers' cocoa yield by 14.3%. The effects on total farm income showed a significant increase of 25.1 and 42.9%, respectively from regression on propensity scores and the Heckman's model. Across all three models, program participation led to an increase in total household income by 46.1, 31.7, and 69.3%, respectively. Other variables such as farming characteristics, institutional and demographic factors affected farmers' income, depending on the estimation method used. This study reiterated the supporting role played by extension programs in enhancing cocoa production and increasing household income in Ghana. Conclusively, government and development partners should invest in extension programs by providing enough logistics, training qualified agents, and creating a conducive atmosphere to support learning and technology adoption. 相似文献
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这是一场比赛,更是一场盛宴……2008年2月11日～12日,一年一度的全美犬界盛会——第132届西敏寺犬展盛大开幕。这个日子对于犬界的人们来说,是值得期待和纪念的。纽约城的麦迪逊花园广场此时更成为了所有怀揣冠军梦想的人目光的焦点,因为那里会聚了来自全美以及世界各地的冠军犬,它们在象征胜利和荣耀的绿色地毯上,一决高低,争夺属于犬世界的最高荣誉——BEST IN SHOW。本届西敏寺犬展有2500只冠军犬参赛,与以往不同的是,本届犬展有4个新犬种加盟,它们是第一次出现在西敏寺的赛场上,从而将西敏寺犬展参赛犬种由165个增加到了169个,这也为西敏寺犬展的历史掀开了崭新的一页。它们分别是:普洛特猎犬 PLOTT(狩猎犬组),藏獒犬TIBETAN MASTIFF(工作犬组),毕右瑟牧羊犬 BEAUCERON和瑞典瓦汉德犬 SWEDISHVALLHUND(畜牧犬组)。在这里,我们又不得不提起原产于中国的古老品种藏獒犬,藏獒犬的比赛无疑是这次西敏寺犬展中的亮点,神秘的藏獒犬给全世界的人带来了太多的惊喜,也赢得了无数热烈的掌声。 相似文献
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