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1.
Effect of Ovariohysterectomy at the Time of Tumor Removal in Dogs with Mammary Carcinomas: A Randomized Controlled Trial 
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Three serological methods, the Rose-Bengal test (RBT), the complement-fixation test (CFT) and an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) were compared for the detection of Brucella-infected animals in unvaccinated cattle herds in Eritrea. In this study, 71 herds first were classified as positive or negative for Brucella infection on the basis of at least one animal being seropositive by RBT and CFT. All the 159 RBT-positive samples from the 26 seropositive herds and 214 RBT-negative samples randomly selected from the seropositive herds and from the 45 negative herds were tested further by CFT and I-ELISA. Using the ELISA titer as main predictor, and incorporating the RBT results, a logistic model was built to predict the CFT-negative or -positive status of individual sera and to estimate sensitivity and specificity. Whilst the ELISA titers (< or =20) accurately predicted all the negative sera in herds that were also negative by the CFT, the number of seropositive animals was higher by ELISA in herds that had positive animals. Serum samples which give higher degrees of agglutination with the RBT need not be re-tested with CFT; consideration of the seropositive status of a herd should be taken into consideration on defining the cut-off optical density readings for ELISA. 相似文献
3.
Dairy herds in M?re and Romsdal County, Norway (regarded as initially free from the bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection) were studied retrospectively from 1992 to 1996. The herd reproductive performance (time to first calving, calving interval, and number of breeding services) was investigated for a potential effect of BVDV sero-conversion. The herd culling pattern--possibly affecting the above measurements--was included for investigation. Two different statistical models were used: the generalised estimating equation (GEE) method and multilevel modelling using Gibbs sampling. Though slightly different estimates resulted, both models agreed on an effect of BVDV in the second year after sero-conversion on the herd average time to first calving by--on an average-- 14-16 days. In subsets of case herds testing positive for BVDV antibodies among young stock, the impact on time to first calving tended to be more pronounced by an additional increase of 18 days. No effect on the number of breeding services for heifers or cows was observed (indicating a need to search for other determinants than reduced conception risk). There appeared to be no effect of BVDV on the herd average calving interval. There was a tendency for a higher risk for reporting animals lost/died in sero-converted herds, which we believe might be related to the occurrence of mucosal disease. 相似文献
4.
An epidemic of acute respiratory disease associated with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) occurred during the winter and spring of 1995 in two neighbouring veterinary districts in the south-eastern part of Norway.The objective of this study was to describe the time course of the outbreak associated with BRSV in the cattle herds, and to determine the association between selected herd factors and the risk of experiencing a herd outbreak of acute respiratory disease.Data from 431 cattle herds on the dates of disease occurrence, location of the farms, herd size, age profile and production type were collected retrospectively for 1995. The risk of acute respiratory disease occurring in a cattle herd was related to the herd size as well as the type of production, with an expressed interaction between these two variables. From the Cox proportional-hazards model, the risk of a herd outbreak in a mixed herd of 20 animals was estimated to be 1.7-times greater than in a dairy herd and 3.3-times greater than a beef herd (reference category) of a comparable size. On increasing the herd size to 50 animals, the risk increased 1.3-fold for a mixed herd, 3.3-fold for a dairy herd, and 2.1-fold for a beef herd, compared to the risk for a corresponding type of herd of 20 animals. 相似文献
5.
Ten years of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) control in Norway: a cost-benefit analysis 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Valle PS Skjerve E Martin SW Larssen RB Østerås O Nyberg O 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2005,72(1-2):189-207; discussion 215-9
A retrospective cost-benefit analysis was carried out on the Norwegian bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) control and eradication strategy, for the years 1993-2003. Information regarding the control cost input parameters was gathered from the cattle industry (TINE Norwegian Dairies, GENO Breeding and AI association, and GILDE Norwegian Meat), The National Animal Health Authorities and The Veterinary Institute. We accounted for variable costs (both direct costs associated with the control, and those costs carried by the farmers as a consequence of the control program). The benefit was estimated as the difference between the assumed losses without control - represented overall as 10% increase of the observed 1993 BVD virus infection level - and the observed losses during the control period. An estimate of the financial losses associated with the BVD virus (BVDV) infection was based on studies of the herd level effects on health, reproduction, and production in dairy herds with evidence of recent BVDV infection. We used a stochastic simulation model to account for the total uncertainty in both the control cost and financial loss estimates. The annual net benefits over the 10 years of BVD control were discounted to a 1993 net present value (NPV). The median NPV of the BVD control, nationally, was estimated at 130 million NOK with a distribution of the NPV ranging from +51 to +201 million NOK (5th and 95th percentiles, respectively). Out of the total control costs the farmers and the farmer-owned industries (the co-operatives) had carried about 62% of these costs; however, the farmers were also the main beneficiaries. The Norwegian experience shows a robust cost-efficiency for a BVDV eradication strategy; this stands in sharp contrast to earlier studies where the results were not supportive. Even though every cattle population and country is unique, the Norwegian findings and experiences should have wider implications. 相似文献
6.
Muma JB Samui KL Siamudaala VM Oloya J Matop G Omer MK Munyeme M Mubita C Skjerve E 《Tropical animal health and production》2006,38(3):195-206
A cross-sectional study was performed in the livestock–wildlife interface areas of Lochinvar and Blue Lagoon National Parks
and the non-interface area of Kazungula to determine the prevalence of antibodies to Brucella spp. in domestic ruminants and identify individual animal risk factors of infection. A total of 1245 cattle from 124 herds
and 280 goats and sheep from 29 flocks were tested sequentially for Brucella antibodies using the Rose Bengal test (RBT) and competitive ELISA. In cattle, individual seroprevalence ranged from 14.1%
to 28.1%, while herd sero–prevalence ranged from 46.2% to 74.0% in the three study areas. No goat or sheep tested positive
for Brucella antibodies. Three types of cattle grazing strategies were encountered: locally grazed herds (LGH), transhumantly grazed herds
(TGH) and river flood plain grazed herds (FGH). Brucella seroprevalence was seen to vary according to area and grazing strategy: Lochinvar and transhumant grazed herds recorded the
highest figures, respectively. Age, sex and history of abortion were found to have independent effects on individual seroprevalence.
This study establishes that brucellosis is endemic in domestic animals in the livestock–wildlife interface areas of Blue Lagoon
and Lochinvar national parks and the disease is also present in Kazungula. We observed that type of grazing strategy had significant
impact on cattle Brucella seroprevalence and that transhumant herds were at high risk of being infected. 相似文献
7.
Risk factors associated with bovine tuberculosis in traditional cattle of the livestock/wildlife interface areas in the Kafue basin of Zambia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Munyeme M Muma JB Skjerve E Nambota AM Phiri IG Samui KL Dorny P Tryland M 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2008,85(3-4):317-328
We conducted a cross-sectional study from August 2003 to February 2004 to identify risk factors for bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in the Kafue basin of Zambia. We investigated a total of 106 herds of cattle for presence of BTB using the comparative intradermal tuberculin test (CITT) while an interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to gather epidemiological data on herd structure, management and grazing strategies. BTB prevalence at herd level was estimated and possible risk factors were investigated using the multiple logistic regression model. The true herd level prevalence of BTB was estimated at 49.8% (95% CI: 37.9, 61.7%). The logistic regression model showed that cattle herd BTB status was highly associated with area and husbandry practices. When compared to Kazungula, cattle herds in Blue Lagoon were more likely to test positive for BTB when other factors such as management practices were controlled (OR=10.5). In terms of grazing strategies, transhumant herds (TH) had higher odds (OR=3.0) of being positive compared to sedentary herds (OR=1.0). The results in this study provide preliminary information about potential risk factors that were found to be associated with BTB status in cattle. 相似文献
8.
The possible influences of contaminant bacteria, Pseudomonas fluorescens, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) and environmental stress on the development of vaccine-related peritoneal adhesions in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., pre-smolts were investigated. Groups of 50 fish (≈ 30 g) vaccinated with a commercial, triple valent, metabolizable oil-adjuvanted vaccine were pre-injected with IPNV, co-injected with Pseudomonas fluorescens or subjected to routine stress both solely and in combination. Fish from each group were sampled monthly over 3 months. Vaccine side-effects were scored macroscopically and examined histologically. Fibrous adhesions were apparent in all groups from the first sampling date. Treatments including co-injection of P. fluorescens and additional environmental stress were found to confer significantly higher degrees of adhesion than vaccine alone. The findings are discussed in relation to vaccination procedures. Persistent or covert IPNV infection could not be confirmed in subsequent samplings. 相似文献
9.
Å. H. Garseth C. Fritsvold M. Opheim E. Skjerve E. Biering 《Journal of fish diseases》2013,36(5):483-493
This is the first comprehensive study on the occurrence and distribution of piscine reovirus (PRV) in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., caught in Norwegian rivers. PRV is a newly discovered reovirus associated with heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI), a serious and commercially important disease affecting farmed Atlantic salmon in Norway. A cross‐sectional survey based on real‐time RT‐PCR screening of head kidney samples from wild, cultivated and escaped farmed Atlantic salmon caught from 2007 to 2009 in Norwegian rivers has been conducted. In addition, anadromous trout (sea‐trout), Salmo trutta L., caught from 2007 to 2010, and anadromous Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), caught from 2007 to 2009, were tested. PRV was detected in Atlantic salmon from all counties included in the study and in 31 of 36 examined rivers. PRV was also detected in sea‐trout but not in anadromous Arctic char. In this study, the mean proportion of PRV positives was 13.4% in wild Atlantic salmon, 24.0% in salmon released for stock enhancement purposes and 55.2% in escaped farmed salmon. Histopathological examination of hearts from 21 PRV‐positive wild and one cultivated salmon (Ct values ranging from 17.0 to 39.8) revealed no HSMI‐related lesions. Thus, it seems that PRV is widespread in Atlantic salmon returning to Norwegian rivers, and that the virus can be present in high titres without causing lesions traditionally associated with HSMI. 相似文献
10.
Adrian Muwonge Clovice Kankya Jacques Godfroid Berit Djonne John Opuda-Asibo Demelash Biffa Takele Ayanaw Musso Munyeme Eystein Skjerve 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(5):905-913
To date, the public health relevance of mycobacterial infections in pigs is not well investigated despite high risk of infection.
Recently, there has been a documented increase in opportunistic infections and risk of acquiring opportunistic mycobacterial
infections in HIV/AIDS patients in Mubende district; unfortunately, there has been no published information on the epidemiology
of mycobacterial infections in this area. This study was carried out between September 2008 and February 2009. Investigations
were done to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors of mycobacterial infections in slaughtered pigs in Mubende
district of Uganda. A total of 997 pigs (53.7% male and 46.3% female) from 31 different slaughterhouses were examined for
the presence of lesions compatible with TB and mycobacterial infections. Pathologic tissue specimens were collected for culturing
and isolation of mycobacteria. A cross-sectional technique was used based on convenient visits to slaughterhouses but random
selection of individual slaughtered pigs for a detailed post-mortem inspection on a daily basis. The results reflected a 9.3%
and 3.1% (95% CI) prevalence of Mycobacterium species based on necropsy examinations and culture isolation, respectively. The highest prevalence of mycobacterial infection
was recorded in Buwekula County (the mixed agro-zone) whilst the lowest was in Kassanda County (pastoral zone). A multivariable
logistical regression analysis identified age (P ≤ 0.001) and sex (P ≤ 0.05) as risk factors for mycobacterial infections in pigs. Post-estimation statistics of the regression model evaluation
and validation fit it well into the data (HL, χ
2 = 5.9; P = 0.69 for necropsy, HL χ
2 = 2.9; P = 0.94 for culturing). This study documented a high prevalence of mycobacterial infections in slaughter pigs in Mubende district.
The fact that pigs and human often share common housing and environment poses a high risk of zoonotic transmission. This then
warrants further molecular investigation to identify the specific Mycobacterium species and their public health importance in this area. 相似文献