Penetration of malathion into locusts     

Hafiz Ahmed  B. G. Gardiner 《Pest management science》1970,1(5):217-219

Topically applied dilute solutions of malathion in kerosene extract ‘bottoms’ are more toxic and rapid in action than concentrated ones. Dilute solutions spread farther, penetrate more rapidly and consequently their rate of activation into the more toxic malaoxon is higher. With a single dose of 2·5% malathion the rate of penetration and activation varies according to the loci of topical application, presumably reflecting differences in sclerotisation of the cuticle. There are also inherent differences in the susceptibility of various body regions associated perhaps with the differential vulnerability of some vital internal organ (e.g. the central nervous system). Very rapid hydrolytic degradation of malathion occurs through its conversion into malaoxon; locusts survive the lethal action of malathion by way of such degradation only where activation into malaoxon takes place in areas away from the sensitive head region, or where the rate of activation is slow, or where the circulatory system delays its arrival at such sensitive sites. The higher rate of activation observable in immature adults of Schistocerca gregaria compared with mature adults is, however, counterbalanced by a higher rate of hydrolysis in the former.  相似文献   

塔里木河下游生态输水前后生态与环境的动态变化研究     

吐尔逊·哈斯木  瓦哈甫·哈力克  艾力克木·哈德尔  阿布都沙塔尔·买买提明 《干旱区资源与环境》2007,21(4):42-47

早在4000年前的原社社会,塔里木河(以下简称塔河)下游绿色走廊已经形成。在近百年的历史中,前20年是绿色走廊的兴盛时期,自20世纪20年代中期以后,绿色走廊开始近代历史上的衰败过程,特别是近50年来塔里木河上中游的水土开发活动,使得下游地区的来水量骤减并中断有近30年的历史,从而引发了下游绿色走廊的逐步走向衰败、土地荒漠化趋势加剧等生态环境恶化问题。为了改善塔河下游地区的生态与环境、抑制土地退化的加剧、挽救濒临灭绝的下游天然植被,截止2005年11月共向该地区输水7次,断流30年的塔里木河下游完成了第四次应急输水后,大体达到维系下游生态的必须水量,输水使河道两侧植被生长状况发生明显改善,生物呈多样化变化。笔者在1998年5月,2002年10月和2004年5月三次对塔河中、下游地区进行实地考察获得了第一手资料,本文在前人研究的成果基础上和实地考察资料相结合,对塔里木河下游生态输水前后生态与环境的动态变化进行探讨。  相似文献   

盐碱地白刺不同部位微生物群落高通量分析     

艾海白尔·卡斯木  樊永红  迪拉热·海米提 《新疆农业科学》2022,59(10):2562-2573

【目的】研究新疆盐碱环境中耐盐植物白刺的根际土壤和叶片内生微生物群落的结构丰富度和多样性。【方法】运用Novaseq测序平台对白刺根际土壤和叶片进行16SrDNA-V4区和ITS1区测序。经FLASH进行拼接,经过Qiim过滤叶绿体和线粒体序列,得到的序列在97%的序列相似性水平上聚类成为操作分类单元(OTUs)。对序列数据进行生物信息学分析,评价物种的Chao1指数、shannon指数以及Alpha多样性。【结果】白刺根际土壤细菌优势菌群为放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes);真菌优势菌群为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)。叶片内生细菌优势菌群为蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria);真菌优势菌群为子囊菌门(Ascomycota),白刺不同部位的微生物菌群数量和多样性有显著差异(P<0.05),白刺各样地之间微生物群落构成差异明显。【结论】白刺不同部位微生物群落的丰富度和多样性分布。  相似文献   

Comparison of effectiveness of introduced barn owls,Tyto javanica javanica,and rodenticide treatments on rat control in oil palm plantations     

Zainal Abidin  Cik Mohd Rizuan  Mohd Noor  Hafidzi  Hamid  Noor Hisham  Ravindran  Shakinah  Puan  Chong Leong  Kasim  Azhar  Salim  Hasber 《Journal of pest science》2022,95(2):1009-1022

Journal of Pest Science - In Peninsular Malaysia, barn owls (Tyto javanica javanica) have been utilized as biological control of rats since the 1960s. In this study, the impact of introduced barn...  相似文献   

Proteomic analysis of pathogen-responsive proteins from maize stem apoplast triggered by Fusarium verticillioides          下载免费PDF全文

Hafiz ABDUL HASEEB  ZHANG Jun  GUO Yu-shuang  GAO Mei-xu  GUO Wei 《农业科学学报》2022,21(2):446-459

During the attack of a pathogen, a variety of defense-associated proteins are released by the host plant in the apoplast to impede the perceived attack. This study utilized the mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and label-free quantification method to analyze the apoplastic fluid (APF) from maize stalk and identified the proteins responsive to the Fusarium verticillioides infection. We have identified 742 proteins, and among these, 119 proteins were differentially accumulated (DAPs), i.e., 35 up-regulated, 18 down-regulated, and 66 proteins were only induced by the pathogen infection. The differentially accumulated proteins were analyzed for their Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment. The highly enriched Biological Process (BP) term was the L-serine biosynthesis process, whereas the most enriched Molecular Function (MF) term was the cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity. It was also found that the pathways related to the biosynthesis of amino acid, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, and carbohydrate metabolic pathways were significantly enriched. Moreover, 61 out of 119 differentially accumulated proteins were predicted as secretory proteins. The secretory pathways analysis showed that a greater number of proteins were secreted through the conventional secretion system compared to the unconventional secretion system. The identified secreted proteins were related to a variety of pathways in defense responses including cell redox homeostasis, cell wall modification, signal transduction, carbohydrate metabolism, binding proteins (metal ion binding, RNA binding and heme-binding), maintenance and stabilization of other proteins, indicating a complex response from the plant to the fungal infection. Our data suggested that a number of host proteins belonging to various pathways have been modulated in the apoplastic region.  相似文献   

Influence of temperature and salinity on survival of the freshwater mullet, Rhinomugil corsula (Hamilton)     

M.N. Kutty  N. Sukumaran  H.M. Kasim 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》1980,20(3):261-274

The upper incipient lethal temperatures of the freshwater mullet, Rhinomugil corsula, acclimated to 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C in fresh water, were 32.4, 34.1, 36.0, 36.2 and 36.5°C respectively, and the corresponding lower lethal temperatures were 10.5, 11.5, 13.2, 15.8 and 19.5°C. The mullet has a total tolerance (area of thermal polygon) of 569°C with an upper and lower thermal tolerance of 253 and 316°C². Likewise, the total resistance of the mullet was 391°C², with upper and lower resistance zones of 181 and 210°C respectively. The upper critical temperatures of swimming inhibition of R. corsula (17.2 cm; acclimation 30°C), determined in a swimming tunnel, were 35.2, 34.6 and 34.2 for water current velocities of 38, 62 and 77 cm s^?1 respectively. The corresponding lower critical temperatures were 26.2, 27.5 and 28.1°C. These results indicated the stenothermal nature of the mullet by comparison with other fishes, e.g. Tilapia mossambica.In tests on the influence of ambient salinity on thermal resistance, R. corsula survived longest at 7‰ (iso-osmotic salinity). At salinities above and below this point, survival times were shorter at any lethal temperature. In a tentative scheme for quantification of stress due to temperature and salinity at death (after acclimation to 30°C and tested at 37°C), the hypo-osmotic and hyper-osmotic stress were estimated to be 50 and 31% of the thermal stress (100%) respectively.  相似文献   

Comparative Effects of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Soil Organic Carbon and Wheat Productivity under Arid Region     

Hafiz Mohkum Hammad  Abdul Khaliq  Farhat Abbas  Wajid Farhad  Shah Fahad  Muhammad Aslam 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2020,51(10):1406-1422

ABSTRACT

Organic amendments in the soil perform better than synthetic fertilizers in regards to soil fertility and sustainable crop productivity. Experiments were conducted to compare the effects of organic and synthetic fertilizers on soil fertility and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity. Soil fertility and protein contents of wheat grains (13.2% and 13.3% during 2005–06 and 2006–07, respectively) were improved by organic amendments. However, synthetic fertilizer (at the rate of 150, 100, and 60 kg ha^?1 N, P₂O₅, and K₂O, respectively) applications resulted in the maximum grain yield (4.05 and 4.46 t ha^?1 during 2005–06 and 2006–07, respectively). The observed and simulated soil organic carbon (SOC) reasonably agreed during RothC model validation (R ² = 0.99). Economic analysis showed the maximum net profit and relative increase in income ($729 US ha^?1 and 309%, respectively) from inorganic treatment. Application of synthetic fertilizers increased grain yield and farm profit while organic manure enhanced grain quality. The RothC model had potential for determining the SOC in organic farming under arid environment.  相似文献   

Quantitative monitoring of airborne lead pollution by a foliose lichen     

David Schwartzman  Margaret Kasim  Lorin Stieff  James H. Johnson Jr. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1987,32(3-4):363-378

The potential use of lichens as quantitative monitors of airborne heavy metal pollution has been demonstrated by measurements of Po²¹⁰, Pb, Cd, Zn, and V levels in sequential growth of the foliose lichen Pseudoparmelia baltimorensis from three localities in the greater Washington, D.C. area. Samples were dated using the growth rate measured by Lawrey and Hale (1977). Po²¹⁰, Pb, and V increase with age in a given colony. Higher levels of Pb, V, Cd, and Zn are present in samples from the two more polluted sites. The retention of heavy metals is consistent with trapping by an ion exchange mechanism. Since Po²¹⁰ is the daughter product of in situ decay of Pb²¹⁰, accumulated from atmospheric fallout of known rate, its levels can be used to calculate trapping efficiencies of Pb and retrospective fallout rates. These rates are similar to published data from rural and urban areas.  相似文献   

Influence of phylogeny on fungal community assembly and ecosystem functioning     

Maherali H  Klironomos JN 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,316(5832):1746-1748

Ecology seeks to explain species coexistence and its functional consequences, but experimental tests of mechanisms that simultaneously account for both processes are difficult. We used an experimental mycorrhizal plant system to test whether functional similarity among closely related species (phylogenetic conservatism) can drive community assembly and ecosystem functioning. Communities were constructed with the same number of fungal species, but after 1 year of growth, realized species richness was highest where the starting species were more distantly related to each other. Communities with high realized species richness also stimulated plant productivity more than those with low realized species richness. Our findings suggest that phylogenetic trait conservatism can promote coexistence because of reduced competition between distinct evolutionary lineages and enhance ecosystem function because of functional complementarity among those same lineages.  相似文献   

黄土高原不同生态类型区果园地土壤肥力特征综合评价及其区域差异特征研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

居玛汗·卡斯木  张丽娜  范鹏  曹裕  李军 《水土保持研究》2015,(1):316-323

以黄土高原典型苹果园地为研究区域,采用野外调查与试验分析相结合的方法,选取6个土壤养分指标:有机质、全氮、速效磷、全磷、速效钾和全钾,应用多元统计分析方法,分析了黄土高原典型苹果园地3个区段(陕西凤翔、陕西长武、陕西延安)0—300cm土壤剖面层土壤养分含量的分布特征及差异性。结果表明:不同苹果产区土壤养分含量差别明显,3个试点各类果园0—300cm土层土壤全氮含量平均值,全磷含量平均值、速效磷含量平均值、全钾含量平均值、速效钾含量平均值由大到小依次为凤翔长武延安;长武凤翔延安;长武凤翔延安;凤翔长武延安;长武凤翔延安。不同苹果产区果园0—300cm土层土壤氮磷钾全量和速效量剖面分布特征类似,除全钾和速效氮外其余养分全量和速效量剖面分布具有明显"表层积聚效应。长武和延安的0—300cm土层土壤有机质含量的剖面分布特征类似,没有明显的垂直分层现象而凤翔0—100cm土层速效钾含量随土层加深而迅速降低,100—200cm土层内有机质含量的剖面含量没有明显的变化。陕西长武地区土壤养分指数为0.24比陕西凤翔地区(0.23)的高;陕西凤翔地区养分指数(0.23)比陕西延安地区的(0.22)高。针对不同区域果园土壤养分含量差异,提出果园施肥建议:凤翔果园应该增施有机肥和氮肥,增施钾肥。长武果园增施有机肥,氮磷钾肥配合施用。延安地区土壤养分状况最差,应加大施肥力度,增施有机肥,氮磷钾肥配合施用,实行平衡施肥。  相似文献