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1.
Four diets were formulated with protein from fishmeal (FM), groundnut cake (GC), ensiled sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam.)) leaves (SP) or ensiled sweet potato leaves with lysine (SPL). In experiment 1, 24 crossbred (Large White x Mong Cai) growing pigs were allocated randomly by sex into four groups of six pigs and given one of four diets. Experiment 2 was conducted using 16 crossbred pigs (Large White x Mong Cai) at four farms. On each farm, pigs were allocated to two experimental groups. One group was fed the FM diet and the other group the SPL diet. In experiment 1, the daily live weight gains (DLWG) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) for the FM and SPL treatments (542 and 536 g/day, respectively) than for the GC and SP treatments (464 and 482 g/day, respectively). Feed intake was highest (2.0 kg/day) for the SPL and lowest (1.7 kg/day) for the GC treatment (p < 0.05) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was highest (3.8 kg/kg gain) for SP and lowest (3.5 kg/kg gain) for FM (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences for carcase measurements among diets (p > 0.05). The feed cost per kg live weight gain was lowest for the SP and SPL diets compared to the FM and GC diets. The results of experiment 2 show that there were no significant differences in feed intake, DLWG and FCR between the two diets (p > 0.05). In conclusion, sweet potato leaves can replace fishmeal and groundnut cake in traditional Vietnamese diets for growing pigs. 相似文献
2.
An experiment was carried out to determine the effects of season (dry and rainy), location (lowland and highland villages)
and breed (local and improved) on the amount and physical and chemical composition of the scavenged feed. This was done by
crop content analysis of a total of 192 Ri (local) and 192 Luongphuong (LP, improved) hens at 20 weeks of age. The mean fresh
weights of the crop contents were 16.9 and 33.3 g, for the dry and rainy seasons, respectively (p < 0.001), 24.3 and 25.9 g, for the Ri and LP breeds, respectively (p < 0.001), and 25.0 and 25.3 g, for the lowland and highland village, respectively (p > 0.05). The proportions of contents were human food leftovers 38.4% and 24.3%, grains 20.9% and 33.7%, insects and worms
9.6% and 11.2%, and green materials 8.8% and 13.8%, for the dry and rainy seasons, respectively (p < 0.05). The proportion of green materials was higher in the LP hens and highland villages, while the proportion of grains
was higher in the Ri hens and lowland village (p < 0.05). The dry matter, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), total ash (Ash), calcium (Ca), phosphorus, and metabolizable
energy (ME) contents were significantly higher for the rainy season (p < 0.01), and CP, Ash, Ca and ME were higher for the LP hens. The crude fibre content was higher in the dry season, and in
the Ri hens and highland village (p < 0.001). The total and essential amino acid concentrations were significantly higher in the rainy season, and in the LP
hens (p < 0.05), but were not different between locations (p > 0.05). Nutrient intakes from scavenging were estimated at between 20% and 30% of requirements. 相似文献
3.
Ileal and total tract digestibility of low and high-fibre diets (100 and 200 g/kg neutral detergent fibre), with or without enzyme supplementation (mixture of cellulase, β-glucanase, α-amylase and protease) was determined in piglets of two breeds weaned at 30 days of age. The breeds were local (pure-breed Mong Cai, MC) and exotic (Landrace × Yorkshire, LY). The experimental diets were based on maize meal, soybean meal, fish meal, cassava residue meal, and rice bran. Cassava residue meal and rice bran were the main fibrous feeds in the high-fibre diet. The experiment was arranged according to a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial, completely randomized design with 4 replications, and lasted for 30 days. The coefficient of ileal apparent digestibility (CIAD) was measured by analyzing ileal digesta collected from piglets killed at 60 days of age. The coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) was measured by analyzing faecal samples collected for 5 consecutive days immediately before the experiment finished. The CIAD and CTTAD of organic matter, crude protein, crude fibre, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and amino acids in the high-fibre diet were lower than in the low-fibre diet (P < 0.01). The CIAD of nutrients and amino acids was similar (P > 0.05) between MC and LY, while the CTTAD of nutrients was higher for the MC than for LY (P < 0.05). Enzyme supplementation of the high-fibre diet improved daily gain and the digestibility of all dietary components at the ileum and in the total tract (P < 0.05), but there was no effect of enzyme supplementation of the low-fibre diet (P > 0.05). 相似文献
4.
A survey ofaflatoxins and zearalenone (ZEA) in 120 samples, including cassava chip (12), maize (12), rice bran (24), broken rice (24), and complete feeds for growing pigs (24) and sows (24) was carried out in southern Vietnam. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1) and G2 (AFG2) were determined by an HPLC method using an immunoaffinity column for clean-up. Zearalenone was analysed by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) AgraQuant. High incidences of aflatoxins and ZEA in feedstuffs and pig feeds (83.3%-100%) were detected. Aflatoxins and ZEA were detected in all commodities analyzed. Aflatoxin B1 was found in 100, 92, 92, 83, 100 and 96%, respectively, of samples of cassava chip, maize, rice bran, broken rice, and complete feeds for growing pigs and sows, with mean concentrations of 0.86, 77.5, 1.3, 1.6, 4.7 and 7.5 microg/kg, respectively. AFB2 and AFG1 were found in low concentrations and co-occurred with AFB1 in all samples where they were found. ZEA was detected in 8%, 33%, 36%, 21%, 67% and 67%, respectively, of the samples of cassava chip, maize, rice bran, broken rice, and complete feeds for growing pigs and sows, with average concentrations of 10.0, 163.5, 83.1, 31.4, 86.0 and 101.4 microg/kg, respectively. The high incidence of mycotoxins found in feedstuffs highlights the need for periodic monitoring and prevention ofmycotoxins, not only in feeds, but also in food for human consumption. 相似文献
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6.
Reiji Masuda Karl Keller David A. Ziemann John Ogle 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2003,34(2):140-146
Behavioral observations were conducted with red snapper juveniles to improve release strategies for stock enhancement of this species. Association with an underwater structure was compared between hatchery-reared and wild juveniles using video recording. Both hatchery-reared and wild fish tended to stay inside the structure in the daytime and outside it at night. Hatchery-reared fish spent longer periods inside the structure in the daytime, hut showed less association with the structure at night compared to the wild fish. We concluded that association behavior is innate but can be fine-tuned through experience. 相似文献
7.
A feeding trial with growing pigs was carried out in which fish meal was replaced by different levels of Tra catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) by-product processing waste water (WW). A control diet included fish meal (FM) as the sole protein supplement (WW0), and
there were four experimental diets in which 100% (WW100), 75% (WW75), 50% (WW50), and 25% (WW25), respectively, of the crude
protein from FM in WW0 was replaced by WW. Thirty crossbred castrated (Yorkshire × Landrace) male pigs with an initial average
body weight of 23.6 ± 1.6 kg were allocated into 30 individual pens in a randomized complete block design with six replications.
Average daily feed intake and essential amino acid intakes were higher (P < 0.01) in WW0 and WW25 compared with the other three diets, and ether extract intake was highest in WW100 (P < 0.01). The highest average daily gain was in WW0 (582 g/day) and lowest in WW100 (501 g/day; P < 0.01). Dry matter feed conversion ratio was lowest in WW100 (2.16 kg feed/kg gain) and highest in WW0 (2.42 kg feed/kg
gain) (P < 0.01).The cost/gain in pigs fed WW100 was lowest (12,476 VND/kg gain), and was highest in WW0 (18,312 VND/kg gain). In
conclusion, although performance is reduced, it is possible to replace up to 100% of the fish meal by catfish by-product processing
waste water in diets for growing pigs, resulting in much lower feed costs. 相似文献
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Ogle JM Brodersen DE Clemons WM Tarry MJ Carter AP Ramakrishnan V 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,292(5518):897-902
Crystal structures of the 30S ribosomal subunit in complex with messenger RNA and cognate transfer RNA in the A site, both in the presence and absence of the antibiotic paromomycin, have been solved at between 3.1 and 3.3 angstroms resolution. Cognate transfer RNA (tRNA) binding induces global domain movements of the 30S subunit and changes in the conformation of the universally conserved and essential bases A1492, A1493, and G530 of 16S RNA. These bases interact intimately with the minor groove of the first two base pairs between the codon and anticodon, thus sensing Watson-Crick base-pairing geometry and discriminating against near-cognate tRNA. The third, or "wobble," position of the codon is free to accommodate certain noncanonical base pairs. By partially inducing these structural changes, paromomycin facilitates binding of near-cognate tRNAs. 相似文献
10.
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of supplementing maize meal and soybean meal, separately or mixed, on egg production performance of two breeds of scavenging hens under on-farm conditions. Treatments were: (1) confined, with a mixed feed (75% maize meal and 25% soybean meal) ad libitum (CMF); (2) scavenging, with a supplement of 60 g/bird per day of maize meal (ScM); (3) scavenging, with a supplement of 25 g/bird per day of soybean meal (ScS); (4) scavenging, with 54 g/ bird per day of the mixed feed (ScMF). Mean hen-day production was 21.8%, 19.8%, 17.7% and 22.8% for the CMF, ScM, ScS and ScMF treatments, respectively (p <0.05), and was significantly (p <0.001) higher for the improved Tamhoang breed (24.4%) than for the local Ri hens (16.7%). Mean egg weight was significantly higher for the Tamhoang (53.2 g) compared to the Ri hens (45.0 g) (p<0.01). Feed consumption per kilogram of eggs was significantly higher for the CMF treatment compared to the other treatments and was lower for the ScS compared to the other scavenging treatments (p <0.05). Feed cost per kilogram of eggs was lowest for the ScM treatment and was 30 to 40% higher for the confined treatment compared to the scavenging treatments. Feed consumption and cost of feed per kilogram of eggs were significantly lower for the Tamhoang than for the Ri hens. 相似文献