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This study aimed at identifying the factors that affected the survival of faecal coliforms as measured by E. coli in four types of soils in Botswana which were amended with sewage sludge. Physico-chemical and biochemical properties and coliform population in the different soils, sludge, and soil/sludge mixtures were determined after sampling, on composing the soil/sludge mixtures, and 90 days after composing. Coliform population in the different soil/sludge mixtures decreased by about 90% after 90 days. The age of the sludge used and the rate at which it was applied to the soils initially determined the population of E. coli in each soil/sludge mixture, but after 90 days, differences inherent in the different soil types were the main determinants of the E. coli population. Percentage reduction of coliforms in Type 1 sludge mixtures were lower (38%) than in Type 2 sludge mixtures (57%). Up to 79.8% of the reduction observed in E. coli population in the Barolong luvisol-sludge mixtures after 90 days was caused by reduction in pH and moisture content, while 72.6%, 84.5% and 55.1% of the reduction in E. coli population in Tuli luvisol-, arenosol- and vertisol-sludge mixtures, respectively, was accounted for by the reduction in moisture content and Olsen P concentration. Coliform survival rates varied with soil types being 12%, 6.4%, 5.3% and 5.8% for the vertisol, arenosol, Barolong luvisol and Tuli luvisol, respectively. A minimum period of 90 days should be allowed between when sludge is applied to similar soils and when seeds are sown. The exact period should, however, be determined by the properties of the soil with fine-textured soils requiring a longer period than coarse-textured soils. 相似文献
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Helene Baudel Helene De Nys Eitel Mpoudi Ngole Martine Peeters Alice Desclaux 《Zoonoses and public health》2019,66(3):288-295
The ecology of Ebola virus (EBV) remains largely unknown, but the previous detection of viral RNA and anti‐EBV antibodies in African bats suggests that they might play a role in the EBV reservoir. Moreover, African bats also carry other potentially zoonotic agents such as Henipah‐like viruses, coronaviruses and lyssaviruses. Today only little information is available on interactions between humans and bats. The objective of our exploratory study was to describe the extent and modes of contacts between humans and bats in southern Cameroon, considered as an area at risk for future EBV outbreaks. The survey was conducted in 11 villages of four distinct rural areas in southern Cameroon. A total of 135 respondents were interviewed using semi‐structured questionnaires, between February and May 2017. The study showed that direct contacts between bats and humans are relatively common. Bat bushmeat appeared to be an occasional meat resource; 40% of respondents consume bats with a median annual consumption of three, and 28% of respondents hunt them. About 22% of the respondents reported children catching bats. Indirect contact also appeared to be common; 55% of hunters use caves as shelters and 67% of interviewees eat fruits previously chewed by bats. Bat consumption varied significantly between regions (from 0% to 87%) and between pygmies and bantus in the extreme south‐east of Cameroon. The study revealed considerable diversity in practices among interviewees, most of them being subsistence cultivators and relying on self‐hunted bushmeat. Geographical diversity of contacts and perceptions regarding bats in Cameroon emphasizes the need to adjust zoonotic pathogen surveillance and education campaigns to the specificities of the communities and their context of interaction with wildlife. 相似文献
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Tropical Animal Health and Production - 相似文献
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Keele BF Van Heuverswyn F Li Y Bailes E Takehisa J Santiago ML Bibollet-Ruche F Chen Y Wain LV Liegeois F Loul S Ngole EM Bienvenue Y Delaporte E Brookfield JF Sharp PM Shaw GM Peeters M Hahn BH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,313(5786):523-526
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the cause of human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), is a zoonotic infection of staggering proportions and social impact. Yet uncertainty persists regarding its natural reservoir. The virus most closely related to HIV-1 is a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) thus far identified only in captive members of the chimpanzee subspecies Pan troglodytes troglodytes. Here we report the detection of SIVcpz antibodies and nucleic acids in fecal samples from wild-living P. t. troglodytes apes in southern Cameroon, where prevalence rates in some communities reached 29 to 35%. By sequence analysis of endemic SIVcpz strains, we could trace the origins of pandemic (group M) and nonpandemic (group N) HIV-1 to distinct, geographically isolated chimpanzee communities. These findings establish P. t. troglodytes as a natural reservoir of HIV-1. 相似文献
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