Cooperation in private forestry of post-soviet system: Forest owners’ cooperatives in Lithuania     

Marius Lazdinis  Aidas Pivoriūnas  Imantas Lazdinis 《Small-Scale Forestry》2005,4(4):377-389

The current state of cooperation in private forestry in Lithuania is examined, with a focus on the analysis of objectives, organisational structure and the ways forest owners’ cooperatives operate. A postal survey has been used as a main research instrument, the questionnaire consisting of a series of multiplechoice close-ended questions. This paper provides insights into the state forest enterprises and other private companies operating in the private forestry sector, and places forest owners’ cooperatives in a broader context of the private forestry sector. A typical forest owner’s cooperative in Lithuania has up to 10 members and about 20 clients to whom services are provided. The leaders of cooperatives indicate that the optimal number of clients using their services should not exceed 40. The main stated objectives of cooperatives are the provision of services to their members under the most attractive conditions, uniting members, and earning a profit for the members. These activities of cooperatives revolve around timber harvesting and trade. It is concluded that the process of cooperation of private forest owners in Lithuania is rather slow, although positive development can be observed.  相似文献   

First record of autochthonous canine ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia canis in Romania          下载免费PDF全文

Doru Morar  Gheorghe Dărăbuş  Mirela Imre  Marius Stelian Ilie  Kálmán Imre 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2015,44(2):200-204

This case study describes the first genetically confirmed and clinically manifested autochthonous Ehrlichia canis infection in a 9‐year‐old female mixed‐breed dog from Romania. Health screening of the dog included clinical examination, evaluation of stained peripheral blood smear and hematologic variables, as well as serologic testing and molecular analysis. Clinical signs included fever, apathy, dehydration, pale mucous membranes, and weakness. The microscopic examination of the blood smear and immunologic assays for Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and E canis antibodies, and for Dirofilaria immitis antigen yielded negative results. Hematologic abnormalities included moderate nonregenerative anemia, leucopenia with neutropenia, and moderate thrombocytopenia. The biochemical abnormalities identified were hypoalbuminemia, and mildly increased serum enzyme activities of AST and ALT. In addition, increased urea and creatinine levels associated with low urine specific gravity and proteinuria were also present. Nested PCR amplification of the partial E canis 16S rRNA gene demonstrated the presence of this rickettsial pathogen in the dog's blood, which subsequently was confirmed through sequencing based on the 100% homology with GenBank deposited E canis isolates. After specific treatment with doxycycline (10 mg/kg, orally, SID) for one month, the proteinuria, and hematologic and serum biochemical abnormalities with the exception of mild azotemia resolved. This report supports the geographical expansion of canine ehrlichiosis caused by E canis in nonendemic regions of Europe.  相似文献   

Zero-inflated models for identifying disease risk factors when case detection is imperfect: Application to highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in Thailand     

Timothée Vergne  Mathilde C. Paul  Wanida Chaengprachak  Benoit Durand  Marius Gilbert  Barbara Dufour  François Roger  Suwicha Kasemsuwan  Vladimir Grosbois 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2014

Logistic regression models integrating disease presence/absence data are widely used to identify risk factors for a given disease. However, when data arise from imperfect surveillance systems, the interpretation of results is confusing since explanatory variables can be related either to the occurrence of the disease or to the efficiency of the surveillance system. As an alternative, we present spatial and non-spatial zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) regressions for modelling the number of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks that were reported at subdistrict level in Thailand during the second epidemic wave (July 3rd 2004 to May 5th 2005). The spatial ZIP model fitted the data more effectively than its non-spatial version. This model clarified the role of the different variables: for example, results suggested that human population density was not associated with the disease occurrence but was rather associated with the number of reported outbreaks given disease occurrence. In addition, these models allowed estimating that 902 (95% CI 881–922) subdistricts suffered at least one HPAI H5N1 outbreak in Thailand although only 779 were reported to veterinary authorities, leading to a general surveillance sensitivity of 86.4% (95% CI 84.5–88.4). Finally, the outputs of the spatial ZIP model revealed the spatial distribution of the probability that a subdistrict could have been a false negative. The methodology presented here can easily be adapted to other animal health contexts.  相似文献   

Postharvest rind breakdown of ‘Nules Clementine’ mandarin is influenced by ethylene application, storage temperature and storage duration   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Paul J.R. Cronje  Graham H. Barry  Marius Huysamer 《Postharvest Biology and Technology》2011,60(3):192-201

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Fruiting position during development of ‘Nules Clementine’ mandarin affects the concentration of K,Mg and Ca in the flavedo     

Paul J.R. Cronje  Graham H. Barry  Marius Huysamer 《Scientia Horticulturae》2011

Adequate K, Mg and Ca supply is important to develop well-structured and functional cell walls and membranes in fruit, and insufficient levels or imbalances of these minerals are known to be involved in various postharvest disorders. Microclimatic variation exists in the ‘Nules Clementine’ mandarin tree canopy and results in lower photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) levels and temperature as well as a higher humidity inside the tree canopy. The aim of this experiment was to determine the impact of this variation in microclimate on accumulation patterns of K, Ca and Mg in the flavedo of the fruit rind during stages II and III of fruit development. Fruit mass, dimensions, rind colour development and mineral composition of the flavedo were measured to describe the condition of fruit borne on the outside and inside of the tree's canopy. The data revealed that canopy position influenced mineral nutrient accumulation patterns in the flavedo. Outside fruit flavedo accumulated significantly higher concentrations of Ca and Mg in all three seasons (2005–2007). In contrast, inside fruit flavedo (shaded fruit) accumulated significantly higher levels of K compared with outside fruit flavedo. The accumulation of K and Ca differed from that of kiwifruit and apple in that Ca concentration increased and K decreased towards maturity. These results suggest that xylem, as in citrus leaves, is the main vasculature supply conduit to the citrus fruit flavedo for mineral nutrients. The reduction of transpiration potential by lower temperatures and higher humidity inside the canopy could be responsible for the reduced accumulation of Ca and Mg. The high K concentration of inside fruit flavedo is suggested to be a stress response, due to the low light levels, to maintain osmotic potential in the shaded rind tissue, and this imbalance could possibly lead to a reduction in rind condition, which manifests through rind breakdown symptom development.  相似文献   

Proteomics: A new tool in bovine claw disease research     

TH Tølbøll  AM Danscher  PH Andersen  MC Codrea  E Bendixen 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2012,193(3):694-700

Claw horn disruption (CHD) is a common underlying cause of lameness in dairy cattle which leads to compromised animal welfare and production losses. Despite an intense research effort over the last two decades, progress in reducing the prevalence of lameness due to CHD has been limited. In addition to current research strategies there is a need to develop novel approaches and methods that expand understanding of the disease mechanisms involved in CHD. The objectives of the present study were to explore the potential of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in mapping protein expression in three different bovine claw tissues, and to provide a relevant functional annotation of the proteins characterized in these tissues. LC-MS/MS was used to characterize protein expression in coronary band skin (C), claw dermal (D) and lamellar (L) tissues from two heifers. A total of 388 different proteins were identified, with 146 proteins available for identification in C, 279 proteins in D and 269 proteins in L. A functional annotation of the identified proteins was obtained using the on-line Blast2GO tool. Three hundred and sixteen of the identified proteins could be subsequently grouped manually to one or more of five major functional groups related to metabolism, cell structure, immunity, apoptosis and angiogenesis. These were chosen to represent basic cell functions and biological processes potentially involved in the pathogenesis of CHD. The LC-MS/MS-based proteomic analysis presented here is the largest published survey, so far, of the bovine claw tissue proteome.  相似文献   

Accumulation of heavy metals in stemwood of forest tree plantations fertilized with different sewage sludge doses     

Marius Praspaliauskas  Nerijus Pedisius  Audrius Gradeckas 《林业研究》2018,29(2):347-361

The levels of heavy metals that accumulated in stemwood of mature trees grown for 20 years in a plantation in an abandoned peat quarry in areas that were fertilized with different amounts of domestic sewage sludge(180,360,and720 Mg ha~(-1) on a dry basis) were compared with trees grown in a reference nonfertilized area.Included in the study was a hybrid poplar(Populus tremula x Populus tremuloides) developed for use as an energy crop,three local tree species and one introduced tree species.The concentrations of Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn in the stemwood of the trees grown in the fertilized and nonfertilized fields were determined,and found to be significantly lower than their respective concentrations in the soil.Cd and Cr were found only in several wood samples at concentrations close to the limits of detection or qualification; therefore,they were not analyzed further.A correlation analysis suggested that 75%of the correlations between the concentrations of heavy metals in the stemwood and the concentrations in the soil were negative.The ability of trees to accumulate the metals from soil in most cases decreased for Cu and Ni; however,the correlations were not as clear for Pb and Zn.The followingsequence for the levels of heavy metals found in the stemwood of the analysed trees was Zn [ Pb [ Ni [ Cu [(Cr,Cd).The results of this study showed that the levels of heavy metals in the studied wood would not exceed the permitted limits of heavy metal pollution in the air and ash when used for energy production.  相似文献   

Risk-based surveillance for avian influenza control along poultry market chains in South China: The value of social network analysis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Martin V  Zhou X  Marshall E  Jia B  Fusheng G  FrancoDixon MA  DeHaan N  Pfeiffer DU  Soares Magalhães RJ  Gilbert M 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2011,102(3):196-205

Over the past two decades, the poultry sector in China went through a phase of tremendous growth as well as rapid intensification and concentration. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) subtype H5N1 was first detected in 1996 in Guangdong province, South China and started spreading throughout Asia in early 2004. Since then, control of the disease in China has relied heavily on wide-scale preventive vaccination combined with movement control, quarantine and stamping out. This strategy has been successful in drastically reducing the number of outbreaks during the past 5years. However, HPAIV H5N1 is still circulating and is regularly isolated in traditional live bird markets (LBMs) where viral infection can persist, which represent a public health hazard for people visiting them. The use of social network analysis in combination with epidemiological surveillance in South China has identified areas where the success of current strategies for HPAI control in the poultry production sector may benefit from better knowledge of poultry trading patterns and the LBM network configuration as well as their capacity for maintaining HPAIV H5N1 infection. We produced a set of LBM network maps and estimated the associated risk of HPAIV H5N1 within LBMs and along poultry market chains, providing new insights into how live poultry trade and infection are intertwined. More specifically, our study provides evidence that several biosecurity factors such as daily cage cleaning, daily cage disinfection or manure processing contribute to a reduction in HPAIV H5N1 presence in LBMs. Of significant importance is that the results of our study also show the association between social network indicators and the presence of HPAIV H5N1 in specific network configurations such as the one represented by the counties of origin of the birds traded in LBMs. This new information could be used to develop more targeted and effective control interventions.  相似文献   

Hexavalent Chromium Reduction with Zero-Valent Iron (ZVI) in Aquatic Systems   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Marius Gheju 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2011,222(1-4):103-148

Hexavalent chromium is a heavy metal used in a variety of industrial applications which is highly toxic to humans, animals, plants and microorganisms. Moreover, it is a well-established human carcinogen by the inhalation route of exposure and a possible human carcinogen by the oral route of exposure. Therefore, it should be removed from contaminated waters. Its reduction to trivalent chromium can be beneficial because a more mobile and more toxic chromium species is converted to a less mobile and less toxic form. During the last two decades, there has been important interest in using zero-valent iron (ZVI) as a Cr(VI)-reducing agent. A considerable volume of research has been carried out in order to investigate the mechanism and kinetics of Cr(VI) reduction with ZVI, as well as the influence of various parameters controlling the reduction efficiency. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to provide updated information regarding the developments and innovative approaches in the use of ZVI for the treatment of Cr(VI)-polluted waters.  相似文献   

Continental-scale effects of nutrient pollution on stream ecosystem functioning     

Woodward G  Gessner MO  Giller PS  Gulis V  Hladyz S  Lecerf A  Malmqvist B  McKie BG  Tiegs SD  Cariss H  Dobson M  Elosegi A  Ferreira V  Graça MA  Fleituch T  Lacoursière JO  Nistorescu M  Pozo J  Risnoveanu G  Schindler M  Vadineanu A  Vought LB  Chauvet E 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6087):1438-1440

Excessive nutrient loading is a major threat to aquatic ecosystems worldwide that leads to profound changes in aquatic biodiversity and biogeochemical processes. Systematic quantitative assessment of functional ecosystem measures for river networks is, however, lacking, especially at continental scales. Here, we narrow this gap by means of a pan-European field experiment on a fundamental ecosystem process--leaf-litter breakdown--in 100 streams across a greater than 1000-fold nutrient gradient. Dramatically slowed breakdown at both extremes of the gradient indicated strong nutrient limitation in unaffected systems, potential for strong stimulation in moderately altered systems, and inhibition in highly polluted streams. This large-scale response pattern emphasizes the need to complement established structural approaches (such as water chemistry, hydrogeomorphology, and biological diversity metrics) with functional measures (such as litter-breakdown rate, whole-system metabolism, and nutrient spiraling) for assessing ecosystem health.  相似文献