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The complexity of natural resource conflicts is often due to the original issues becoming hidden amongst the differing perceptions of the situation. These perceptions are based on the interests, values and principles of those concerned. The resulting complexity makes resolution of the conflict extremely difficult. Ethical analysis (EA) is a tool that could lay the groundwork for resolution of complex natural resource conflicts. The fundamental task of EA is to map and understand the interests, values and principles of the conflicting parties, thereby presenting the conflict's core drivers. It attempts not to solve the problem but to help the parties to understand their own and other parties' values and interests; increasing awareness of the parties' principles, values and moral codes and of those of their opponents, which will make possible a shared perception of reality, vital for resolution. This self-reflection and improved mutual understanding encourages honesty in subsequent attempts at resolution; promoting trust in the other groups' commitment to resolving the conflict. In short, EA enables cutting through the myriad of perceptions to get to the heart of the conflict, and present it in a manner facilitating the next stage of the process, namely, resolution. 相似文献
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Radial growth was examined in two Scots pine stands that were seeded during the 1920s and 1930s due to reforestation and afforestation
activity on the timberline of northern Finnish Lapland. Tree-rings of seeded pines were calibrated against the instrumental
records of local weather and large-scale atmospheric patterns and further compared to pines of natural origin on the timberline.
The studied stands were shown to contain common growth variability that differed from the variability of natural pines. Deviating
growth of seeded pines was attributed to their only moderate growth dependence on mid-summer (July) temperatures and, likewise,
their strong dependence on the autumn climate in the previous year, and linked to the different genetic origin of artificial
stands due to southern seeds. Stands were thinned for different densities in 1985 and 1986. The growth response to thinning
was markedly better than could be expected according to previous studies. We found that the positive growth reaction conceivably
benefited from the ameliorated winter conditions, expressed as warmed (March) temperatures and the prolonged positive phase
of the Arctic Oscillation (February). The results emphasize the determining influence of climatic fluctuations on reforestation
and afforestation near the distributional limits of tree species. 相似文献
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Fifteen species of Palearctic and Holarctic Rhagidiidae inhabit the polar Fennoscandian mountain birch forest and tundra, but additional taxa are expected to be discovered. Their assemblages comprise 5-10 species. Of these, Rhagidia gigas, R. diversicolor and Poecilophysis pratensis are the most abundant and widely distributed in the forested subalpine (480-600 m a.s.l.) and transitional (500-650 m a.s.l.) altitudinal zones while Poecilophysis pseudoreflexa and Rhagidia longiseta are found in the low-(600-800 m a.s.l.) and mid-(800-960 m a.s.l.), and Rhagidia parvilobata in the high alpine (960-1025 m a.s.l.) zones. Ten species of the rhagidiid mites are common in the Fennoscandian tundra as well as the alpine tundra of the Ötztal Alps, North Tyrol. Patterns of richness and diversity in this group of mites are different in different altitudinal zones in NW Lapland and the Ötztal Alps. In contrast to the Alps, no endemic species were detected in Fennoscandia. The different altitudinal niches of most common mite species overlap, but some species of mites in the subalpine forest and the high alpine zone are altitudinal vegetation belt-specific and occupy different niches. Some species of mites are rare in all altitudinal vegetation belts.Rhagidia diversicolor, R. gigas, Poecilophysis pratensis and P. pseudoreflexa exhibited sufficient abundance, habitat and elevational specificity to be useful as indicator species of the subalpine to transitional as well as the low alpine to middle alpine altitudinal zones, respectively. Rhagidia parvilobata and Poecilophysis saxonica are indicators of the high alpine zone. Abundant species from the low subalpine forested zone as well as the high alpine zone are proposed as potential monitors for direct and indirect impact of climate warming. Summit mite invaders detecting current impact of climate warming were not discovered in the high alpine zone of the Fennoscandian oroboreal tundra. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1-4):123-133
The effects of a large holiday resort on the distribution and range use of semi‐domesticated reindeer were studied in the three most important habitat types in Saariselkä, eastern Finnish Lapland. In two of these habitats the relative reindeer densities increased in winter, when outdoor activities declined reaching density equal to the average for the herding association at a distance of about 10 km from the holiday resort. In summer, male reindeer adapted better than females to the proximity of the holiday resort. The feeding site preferences of the reindeer during winter followed, in general, the normal pattern in areas with little human interference. Although the economic value of the range loss appeared small compared to the gain from outdoor enterprises, better planning is needed to avoid the harmful effects of recreation on reindeer management. 相似文献
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Bulk snow samples were collected from the snowpack in open areas along two sampling lines running to the west from the Cu-Ni smelters at Nikel and Monchegorsk, NW Russia, during 1991–1993. The aim of the study was to estimate the area affected by sulphur and heavy metal deposition from the smelters. Snowpack quality was used as an indicator of deposition during winter time. The total sulphur, copper and nickel concentrations in the snowpack decreased significantly (p<0.001) with=" increasing=" distance=" from=" the=" smelters=" along=" the=" sampling=" line=" running=" directly=" to=" the=" west=" from=" monchegorsk.=" the=" deposition=" pattern=" was=" similar=" each=" winter=" during=" 1991–1993.=" the=" ph=" values=" did=" not=" correlate=" with=" the=" corresponding=" sulphur=" concentrations,=" and=" there=" was=" no=" decreasing=" ph=" gradient=" in=" the=" snowpack=" on=" moving=" towards=" monchegorsk.=" the=" effects=" of=" sulphur=" emissions=" from=" monchegorsk=" on=" snowpack=" chemistry=" were=" not=" detectable=" on=" the=" finnish=" side=" of=" the=" border.=" the=" 3-year=" mean=" of=" the=" total=" sulphur=" concentration=" was=" 0.27=" mg/kg,=" and=" of=" the=" ph=" values=" 4.92,=" along=" the=" sampling=" line=" running=" to=" the=" west=" of=" monchegorsk.=" the=" total=" sulphur=" concentrations=" near=" the=" smelters=">< 20=" km)=" varied=" between=" 0.37=" and=" 0.95=" mg/kg.=" the=" effect=" of=" the=" cu-ni=" smelters=" at=" nikel=" on=" snowpack=" quality=" was=" not=" detectable=" in=" northern=" finnish=" lapland.=" the=" 3-year=" mean=" for=" total=" sulphur=" was=" 0.20=" mg/kg=" and=" for=" ph=" 4.96=" along=" the=" sampling=" line=" running=" to=" the=" west=" of="> 相似文献
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